Cancer lung carcinoma

Erlotinib Nonsmall cell lung cancer carcinoma of the pancreas Gl distress (nausea, diarrhea) rash lung toxicity... 

Bronchogenic carcinoma A lung cancer associated with asbestos exposure. 

LRP1B Loss-of-function (sporadic) Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, nonsmall-cell lung cancer... 

Etoposide causes multiple DNA double-strand breaks by inhibiting topoisomerase II. The pharmacokinetics of etoposide are described by a two-compartment model, with an a half-life of 0.5 to 1 hour and a (5 half-life of 3.4 to 8.3 hours. Approximately 30% of the dose is excreted unchanged by the kidney.16 Etoposide has shown activity in the treatment of several types of lymphoma, testicular and lung cancer, retinoblastoma, and carcinoma of unknown primary. The intravenous preparation has limited stability, so final concentrations should be 0.4 mg/mL. Intravenous administration needs to be slow to prevent hypotension. Oral bioavailability is approximately 50%, so oral dosages are approximate two times those of intravenous doses however, relatively low oral daily dosages are used for 1 to 2 weeks. Side effects include mucositis, myelosuppression, alopecia, phlebitis, hypersensitivity reactions, and secondary leukemias. 

Most lung cancers are derived from the epithelium of the airways and therefore are classified as carcinomas. There are... 

There are four major histologic types of lung cancer that are divided into two classes based on response to treatment and prognosis small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it is important to note that certain other rare malignancies can be seen as well as mixed-type carcinomas. The four major types of lung cancer are outlined in Table 87-1. 

Small cell lung cancer typically presents as extensive disease (approximately 60% to 70% of new cases) and progresses very quickly. Small cell carcinomas are very responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Radiotherapy became the standard in 1969, when a randomized trial showed that it offered the potential for cure, whereas surgery did not.20 For the vast majority of patients, chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Even after a complete response to therapy, the cancer usually recurs within 6 to 8 months, and survival time following recurrence is typically short ( 4 months). This yields a typical survival rate of 14 to 20 months for limited disease and 8 to 13 months for extensive disease.33 Table 87-6 illustrates the general treatment path of SCLC. 

In phase I clinical trials 47 patients, all of whom had previously failed standard treatments for solid tumors, received the drug in the UK, Italy, and Switzerland on three different schedules.123,124 Dose-limiting toxicities have been defined as bone marrow depression and diarrhea. The latter is treatable with loperamide. Signs of biological activity were seen. Notably one patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed a partial response (for 4 months) and two further patients, one with metastatic melanoma and one with bronchoalveolar carcinoma, also showed partial responses. In a phase I trial in combination with 5-FU, a partial response in breast cancer was observed.125 Furthermore, a reduction in tumor marker levels was observed in two patients, one with ovarian cancer, and one with colon cancer. Phase II studies have shown partial responses in cisplatin-resistant ovarian and nonsmall-cell lung cancer.126,127 The indications are that the profile of clinical activity is different and complementary to the mononuclear platinum agents. 

Thus, oxygen radical production by leukocytes can be responsible for cancer development. However, the levels of leukocyte oxygen radical generation depend on the type of cancer. For example, PMNs and monocytes from peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer produced a diminished amount of superoxide [169], Timoshenko et al. [170] observed the reduction of superoxide production in bronchial carcinoma patients after the incubation of neutrophils with concanavalin A or human lectin, while neutrophils from breast cancer patients exhibited no change in their activity. Chemotherapy of lung and colorectal carcinoma patients also reduced neutrophil superoxide production. Human ALL and AML cells produced, as a rule, the diminished amounts of superoxide in response to PMA or FMLP [171], On the other hand total SOD activity was enhanced in AML cells but diminished in ALL cells, while MnSOD in AML cells was very low. It has been proposed that decreased superoxide production may be responsible for susceptibility to infections in cancer patients. 

Paraneoplastic neuropathies often occur in patients with carcinoma. Subacute sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy, often with associated limbic encephalitis and cerebellar degeneration, is a common complication of small-cell lung cancer and other carcinomas, occasionally presenting even prior to diagnosis of the underlying neoplasm. Some patients with paraneoplastic neuropathy express anti-Hu antibodies, which recognize epitopes associated with the HuD neuronal RNA binding protein [37,38]. 

The major cell types are SCLC (-15% of all lung cancers), adenocarcinoma (-50%), squamous cell carcinoma (less than 30%), and large cell carcinoma. The last three types are grouped together and referred to as NSCLC. 

Currently in phase II clinical trials as a treatment for melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and non-small-cell lung cancer (Hamann 2004), the compound has a mode of action that is not well understood, though it has been deemed necrosislike and characterized by cytoplasmic swelling and DNA clumping (Janmaat et al. 2005). 

Rat mammary tumors Lewis lung cancers Mouse mammary tumors Choriocarcinoma cells Anaplastic sarcomas Walker carcinoma cells Rat prostatic carcinomas Rat embryo fibroblasts Different malignant cells... 

Anthracyclines Doxorubicin/ adriamycin Melanoma, Ovarian carcinoma, T-cell lymphoma, Colon carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, Various disseminated refractory malignandes, Breast cancer, Lung cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Liver cancer, Neuroblastoma... 

Statistical surveys provide an impressive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked a day and the risk of death from coronary disease or lung cancer. Statistics also show that, on cessation of smoking, the increased risk of death from coronary infarction or other cardiovascular disease declines over 5-10 years almost to the level of non-smokers. Similarly, the risk of developing bronchial carcinoma is reduced. 

Another large retrospective cohort study followed 3916 smelter workers and reported an overall standardized mortality ratio of 372." Lung cancer mortality was related to intensity of exposure but not to duration. Histologic types of lung carcinomas were similar to those seen in smokers. 

Among a small factory population, two cases of lung cancer were found in men primarily involved in the production of benzoyl peroxide, but they were also exposed to benzoyl chloride and benzotrichloride. Benzoyl peroxide exposure was associated with a greater frequency of malignant melanoma in one of two case control studies it was not associated with basal cell carcinomas of the skin in another study. The lARC has determined that there is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of benzoyl peroxide in experimental animals and that it is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. 

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