Respiratory diseases chronic bronchitis

A considerable amount of data is now available about contributions to the occurrence of diseases in city populations. The diseases which belong to this category are as follows (1) acute non-specific upper respiratory disease, (2) chronic bronchitis, (3) chronic obstructive ventilatory disease,... 

Epidemiological studies of nickel-producing and nickel-using workers seldom indicate excess mortaUty from nonmalignant respiratory disease. Evidence for such effects exists mainly as a few reports of isolated incidents of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema in nickel workers. Nickel may or may not play a causal role in these incidents (131). 

Other disorders of the lower respiratory tract include emphysema (lung disorder in which the terminal bronchioles or alveoli become enlarged and plugged with mucus) and chronic bronchitis (chronic inflammation and possibly infection of die bronchi). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is die name given collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis because die obstruction to die airflow is present most of the time. Asdima diat is persistent and present for most of die time may also be referred to as COPD. 

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, reduced lung capacity, and increased incidence of deaths from respiratory disease among workers occupationally exposed... 

Shortness of breath, cough, and wheeze are common symptoms of respiratory diseases (Table 3.2). These shared symptoms make misdiagnosis by physicians common if the diagnosis is based solely on reported symptoms. Medical tests help to distinguish the respiratory diseases from each other (Table 3.3). Other pitfalls in medical diagnosis include diagnosing common diseases (such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis) instead of the actual rarer diseases (such as BO) and not considering occupational exposures as the cause. 

American Thoracic Society. Chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary emphysema a statement by the Committee on Diagnostic Standards for Nontuberculous respiratory Diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962 85 762-8. 

The Hlmsworth committee visited Londonderry in July 1970 and Investigated the health of those known to have been suffering from various illnesses before the riots, who might have been affected by exposure to CS. A primary concern was for adverse reactions In people with respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma. Although exposure to CS had exacerbated effects in patients with chronic bronchitis, a followup visit showed that they had returned to their preriot health status. Much the same results were found with asthma patients. No Increase In the frequency of attacks had been noticed. 

Respiratory system (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD emphysema, chronic bronchitis], acute obstructive lung disease [asthma], chronic restrictive lung disease [connective tissue lung disease])... 

Road traffic emissions consist of particulate (PM) and gaseous emissions, with active carbonaceous products present in both phases. Particles contain potentially toxic components, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) and trace metallic elements [4-6], which are related to acute and chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [7]. Some studies suggest that especially diesel exhaust emissions are responsible for cardiac hospital admissions [8] and for asthma and chronic bronchitis development in children [9] in densely populated cities. Also fine and coarse particles from non-exhaust sources have been associated with short-term mortality and morbidity [10-13]. 

TCDD can produce respiratory irritation, but the findings from controlled epidemiologic studies do not support an association between 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure and chronic respiratory disease. It should be noted, however, that chronic bronchitis and related effects were observed in many Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients, who were exposed to the structurally related CDFs (ATSDR 1994). 

Relapsing keratitis or keratopathy may develop years after apparent healing of severe eye lesions. Persistent eye conditions, loss of taste and smell, and chronic respiratory illness including asthmatic bronchitis, recurrent respiratory infections, and lung fibrosis may persist following exposure to sulfur mustards. Prolonged or repeated acute exposure to sulfur mustards may cause cutaneous sensitization and chronic respiratory disease. Repeated exposures result in cumulative effects because mustards are not naturally detoxified by the body. 

Lower respiratory disorders are conditions that obstruct or restrict tracheobronchial tubes, preventing exchange of gases. These conditions are called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and include bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, asthma, and chronic asthma. 

Each year more than 440,000 deaths, or 20% of the total deaths in the United States, are caused by smoking. Cigarette smoking substantially increases the risk of (1) cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, sudden death, and heart attack, (2) nonmalignant respiratory diseases including emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (3) lung cancer, and (4) other cancers (e.g., mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, uterus, cervix, kidney, ureter, and bladder). 

AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (1962) Committee on diagnostic standards, definitions and classification of chronic bronchitis, asthma and pulmonary emphysema. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 85, 762-768. 

Polluted urban air can and has aggravated chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive ventilatory disease, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma [11]. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is high in the major cities of India, and air pollution can retard recovery despite adequate therapy. A study of 130 traffic constables, 60 bus drivers and 20 auto mechanics in Madras, who constantly inhaled lead polluted air, recorded that these people had a high frequency of respiratory abnormalities. 61.38% of the bus drivers. 

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