Scientific Foundations

To obtain maximum potency, the timing of the harvest is critical. Sometime after the seed has become fully mature, the plant will begin to senesce and die. THC production begins to decrease and THC begins to degrade into CBN (this happens in the living plant as well as after harvest). Unfortunately, a reliable, scientifically-proven method of determining exactly when to harvest in order to maximize THC and minimize CBD has yet to be developed. 

Farmers in Asia sometimes bend the stem of the plant near the base or cut it and insert a small stone or a piece of opium a few days before harvest. They believe that this will increase its potency, but there are no reliable data on this point, and there is no apparent mechanism by which potency increase could occur. After harvesting, it is common practice to hang the cut plants upside down for curing. These and other methods may rest on the mistaken belief that cannabinoids are synthesized in the roots and translocated to the top of the plant. This is not true. Actually, the specialized cells which synthesize cannabinoids happen to be more numerous and perhaps more active in the flowering tops than elsewhere. 

Most descriptions of the preparation of Cannabis products are second-hand repeats of nineteenth century accounts—none too accurate to begin with. The accounts generally derive from India and adjacent areas and use the native terms for the products. Since the procedures they describe are the world s oldest for the preparation of Cannabis products, it is appropriate to recount a few of them here. Most are from the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report (1893-1894). 

---

Some years after Davy s death, Faraday examined the corrosion of cast iron in sea water and found that it corrodes faster near the water surface than deeper down. In 1834 he discovered the quantitative connection between corrosion weight loss and electric current. With this discovery he laid the scientific foundation of electrolysis and the principles of cathodic protection. 

The author is indebted to J. Wittmer and Y. Rouault for valuable contributions to this work. This work was supported by the Bulgarian Scientific Foundation, Grant No. X-644/1996, and by the National Science Foundation of USA, Grant No. INT-940518. 

This book includes some papers which, in our view, contribute to the laying of a scientific foundation for the solution of the tasks formulated above. 

We thank Korean Scientific Foundation (IBRD, 1985, Chem. 3-17) and Research Center for New Drug Development (1990) for financial supports. 

Williams DL, Marks V Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994. 

For example, if ever we want to understand whether global warming to a substantial degree is, or is not, caused by human activities, then we should first of all know and understand the performance of our models and the accuracy of data we put into these models. If ever we want to know whether all efforts to improve the quality of the sea for biota are effective, then we need to know the accuracy and uncertainty of all our data. If we do not want to take Quality Assurance into account, we will never be able to lay the solid scientific foundations for our research, political and legal actions etc. In other words we will remain only believers. 

Patient encounter vignettes. Distributed throughout each chapter, these case scenarios facilitate critical thinking skills and lend clinical relevance to the scientific foundation provided. 

AS Hussain. Classifying your drug the BCS guidance. In GL Amidon, JR Robinson, RL Williams, eds. Scientific Foundations for Regulating Drug Products. Arlington, VA AAPS Press, 1997, pp 197-204. 

S Dushman, JM Lafferty. Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique. 2nd ed. New York Wiley, 1962. 

The NFPA Research Foundation, in a collaborative project with the DOE and the telecommunications industry, completed a draft report on diffusion of hydrogen leaks from cabinet-enclosed hydrogen storage tanks. The purpose of this research is to establish a better scientific foundation for setback requirements for hydrogen fuel cell systems used in telecommunication applications. 

Three key issues for codes and standards include better synchronization of codes and standards development with RD D, performance- versus design-based (or prescriptive) standards, and coordinating national codes and standards development with international standards development. For all the three issues, the critical need is to establish a scientific foundation for requirements incorporated in codes and standards. If the science underlying these requirements can be established, harmonization of requirements and consensus among international experts can be more readily achieved, and the DOE can focus on the critical RD D needs as identified in the Roadmap to facilitate harmonization and consensus. 

S. Dushman Scientific foundations of vacuum techniques, Wiley, New York (1962)... 

Relationship Between Personal, Outdoor and Indoor Air Concentrations (RIOPA) The overall goal of the national multicenter (Elizabeth, NJ, Houston, TX, and Los Angeles County, CA) RIOPA study is to establish a scientific foundation for effective, timely, public health intervention strategies. Outdoor, indoor, and personal exposures of adults and children to PM are measured and evaluated by mass, elemental, chemical, and source apportionment analyses in the other research programs. Non-smoking asthmatic and non-asthmatic adults and their children are included. Monitoring occurs... 

Salathe M, O Riordan TG, Wanner A (1997) Mucociliary clearance. In Crystal RG, West JB (eds.) The Lung Scientific Foundations. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 2295-2308. 

These complications proved to be the greatest deterrents to identification of the structure of lignin. Without knowledge of the make-up of lignin, it is clear that little promise could be expected from empirical studies directed at finding useful applications for it. In view of this situation, there has been a great intensification in fundamental research on the structure and properties of lignin in the hope that a better scientific foundation could be laid for future applied research. 

The term solvent extraction refers to the distribntion of a solute between two immiscible liquid phases in contact with each other, i.e., a two-phase distribution of a solute. It can be described as a technique, resting on a strong scientific foundation. Scientists and engineers are concerned with the extent and dynamics of the distribution of different solutes—organic or inorganic—and its use scientifically and industrially for separation of solute mixtures. 

Brand, K. G. (1976). Solid state or foreign body carcinogenesis. In Symington, T. and R. L. Carter, eds. Scientific Foundations of Oncology, pp. 490-495. Year Book Medical Fhiblishers of William Heineman Medical Books, Chicago. 

AChE and direct the oximate anion toward the P atom, proved to be extremely efficient in terms of rate of displacement of the enzyme-bound phosphoryl group (i.e. reactivation) and, consequently, as an antidote. The pioneering work of Wilson and colleagues in the early 1950s served as the scientific foundation for the synthesis and evaluation of more than 1000 oxime-containing reactivators over the past 50 years, that have been described in hundreds of pubhcations. 2-PAM and several bis-quatemary oximes 39 , 40 and... 

We wish to thank Ms. Ju-ming Hong of Beijing University for assistance of ESCA. This research was supported by the Chinese National Nature Scientific Foundation and partially by the Zhong Guancun Foundation of Instrumental Measurements. 

This, what 1 have called, functional psychopathological approach has merits over and above the opportunistic ones 1 mentioned. Because many psychological dysfunctions are measurable, in contrast to disorders and syndromes, this approach will provide psychopathology with a scientific foundation. Moreover, this psychological spectral analysis provides a map of functions still operating within normal limits and those that deviate from the norm. 

---