Internet

The Internet resources have provided great impetus to an advancement of bioinformatics and computational biochemistry. They contribute greatly in the collection and dissemination of biochemical information. The Internet resources of biochemical interest and their uses to acquire biochemical information are described. 

The IP address is generally associated with fully qualified domain name which users recognize and use. The name of a computer can then be computer . domain 

If your computer at work is on a local area network (LAN), you may already have access to an external connection. Almost all universities have permanent connections between their internal systems and the Internet. If you don t have access to an institutional connection, you have to obtain an access from an Internet service provider (ISP). For a full Internet connection, you must have software to make your computer use the Internet protocol, TCP/IP, and if your connection is through a modem this software will probably use PPP (point to point protocol). 

Unlike list servers, which disseminate information on a specific topic from one person to many, newsgroup servers (e.g., USENET) provide access to thousands of topic-based discussion group services that are open to everyone. Access is provided through a local host or news server machine. 

Telnet. Telnet is a program using the communication protocol of the Internet (TCP/IP) to provide a connection onto remote computers. You can use Telnet to contact a host machine simply by typing in the host name or IP number if you have Internet access from your computer. You will then be asked for a login identity and your password. Often buried within Telnet is a version of FTP, so you can transfer files from the TCP/IP host to your own computer. 

The international data network Internet connects over 10,000 computer networks with about 1.5 million computer terminals and 10 million users. The network has no central organisation. It has been built up since the late sixties, starting with the US Defense Administration s ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency). Later, it became the National Research and Education Network providing data exchange for American scientists. 

Internet uses the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Intemet Protocol), allowing communication between a broad range of different computers and operating systems. Internet provides the following services  

The WIN, a German scientific network (Wissenschaftsnetz), is part of Internet, providing access to online databases for most of the universities and public institutions. 

The last information resource to be discussed is the Internet. The Internet has brought us both convenience (much to our desks) and a greatly expanded world of information. In this final section, we will discuss how the Internet is used to gather information about flavors. 

Of course, before being able to use all the resources that the Internet has to offer, one needs to actually make a physical connection between one s own computer and the information superhighway. For purposes of this discussion, the elements of this coimection have been separated into two discrete parts the actual, physical coimection (meaning the wire miming from one s computer to the Internet backbone) and the service provider, who handles issues of routing and content once connected. Keep in mind that, in practice, these are not necessarily treated as two separate parts—for instance, one s service provider may also be the same company that will run cables or fibers right into one s home or office. 

Copper Wires, Coaxial Cables, and Fiber Optics 

In looking at alternatives that did not require new wiring, cable television providers began to look at ways in which the coaxial cable already running into a substantial number of households could be used to also transmit data. Cable companies are able to use bandwidth that is not being used to transmit television signals (effectively, unused chaimels) to push data into the home at very high speeds, up to 

Some of the newer technologies involve wireless coimections to the Internet. These include using one s own cell phone or a special cell phone service (such as 

Internet service providers take the opposite tack. Instead of focusing on providing content, the ISPs provide the tools necessary for users to send and receive E-mail, upload and download files, and navigate around the World Wide Web, finding information at remote locations. The major advantage of ISPs is connection speed often the smaller providers offer faster connection speeds than can be had from the online services. Most ISPs charge a monthly fee for unlimited use. 

As Tom Rodak (Commerx, Inc.) reported in today s time-constrained workplace, you can spend a great deal of valuable time trying to find the information you need to make product design decisions. Unfortunately, not many have the luxury of time. Unforgiving deadlines and customer demands make the ability to find information quickly a necessity. Over the past few years, the Internet has rapidly evolved as an ideal tool for locating this needed data. However, with the incredible vastness of the Internet, knowing where to go is key to success. 

Currently, a growing number of sites cater to the needs of product designers and engineers. From materials selection and design software to educational programs and article archives, the Internet can provide a great deal of information at the click of a mouse. 

The Plastics Network from Commerx, Inc. (www. plasticsnet.com) features a Sourcing Center that allows users to search for specific plastics related products and services. The site, which provides secure online ordering, enables users to compare vendors of similar products and services to get the best value. 

Regarding materials selection there are a number of company-specific sites on the Internet that allow you to search product lines by brand name, intended application, and properties. These include GE Plastics (www.plasticsnet.com/ge), Bayer Corporation (www.polymers-usa. bayer.com), BASF (wviw.basf.com), Polymerland (www.polymerland. com), and M.A. Hanna (www.plasticsnet.com/mahanna). When searching for materials fi om a multiple number of vendors, there are several online material databases to visit. Some offer free access to 

In addition, the Material Engineering Center at Dow Plastics offers its PAMS (Processes and Materials Selection) system on the Internet to help designers match material and febrication requirements with product and economic requirements (www. plasticsnot.com/moc). 

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Also a very important the instrument may be adapted to a customer s needs by only changing software, and handing a floppy disk to the customer. Even better, the customer himself can download the software from our server, using a modem or the Internet. 

Internet address of the Laboratory (http //alphalma.cnrs-mrs.fr/pi/api.html)... 

Information on CEN/TC138/AHG3, such as the draft document, the minutes of meetings, the list of references and the members addresses, may be obtained on Internet on the BAM server at http //trappist.kb,bam-berlin.de/CEN/cenalig3.html. 

The main source of information about EU research activities is the CORDIS database, also accessible via Internet ... 

The NDT Newsgroup and other forums are playing an important role in expediting meeting and communieation among your NDT colleagues on the Internet - Email is the most important tool for that. Not only technical discussions but also business to business or even direct inquiries are today handled via the Internet. Statistics are presented with more information on specific usage. 

Companies have to face the problem of how to be maximize visible, that means how to get many visitors to a Website. Website marketing is a new field that needs to be understood before you invest in an Internet presence - to avoid ineffective and unnecessary expenditure. 

The first full text NDT Journal on www.ndt.net, the Online Journal of Nondestructive Testing Ultrasonics, is on the Internet and each month provides new information as well as a comprehensive overall reference - access is free since it is sponsored by the NDT online exhibition. 

While professional awareness has increased, there are still hindrances to universal access in the workplace. Today almost all companies have access to the Internet, but company policy may limit usage during business hours or on company equipment Also, many countries still face prohibitive online access charges, although free market competition will take care of that in time, and Canada s no-charge policy may well be the wave of the future ... 

The Internet provides numerous powerful communication and multi-media tools, such as Inter Relay Chat (IRC), NetMeeting, White boards, Internet Phone, Archie, FTP, Telnet and many companies offer custom solutions with "plug-ins" But those are not the most important tools for access to information. The following outlines some of the "basics"... 

You will need to know addresses (http //www.) of the major Internet search engines. But search engines are still not perfected and the results may contain certain amount of noise, i. e, irrelevant information. Some companies use tricky things to get your attention we found many NDT related words like TOFD hidden as meta keywords in every page of some websites. If a search engine leads you to this site you will find no actual information provided, not even a single visible instance of the word TOFD. 

Usually an Internet user learns after a while where to go for specific information The Browser provides a bookmark tlmction where all these addresses can be organized by different subjects Typical bookmark folders are Societies, Companies, Journals, Institutes, Databases, Search engines The NDTnet Journal provides a virtual library that makes it easy for newcomers to find NDT sites. Unfortunately, some sites provide a lot of information but do not offer a search function. 

Once you have a website, there is another question how easy it will be to find your page on the Internet You will need Internet advertising to be visible on the Internet ... 

Some may say "We have invested in our own Internet presence (Home Page), so why we should advertise on the Internet Simply informing your established customers of your new Internet address is not sufficient. We ve already discussed some of the challenges users may face in searching for information. Your potential customer may lack the patience to follow hundreds of links of search engine output. 

The Internet advertising mechanism works much the same way as its "real world" counterpart. Company Homepages are electronic brochures and are disseminated by using new methods. But the methods are actually not new, they are basically the same as those used in printed journals This is efficiently done on an online Journal like NDTnet where advertising is concentrated in a virtual NDT Exhibition that attracts many readers to the site. The exhibitors have had good experiences with their presentations In contrast to individual Homepages which may often experience minimal traffic, NDTnet is visited by more than 6000 readers each month. Links to its exhibitors Homepages increase the audience and the information available. 

We can not offer a long list of addresses here. You can find the most comprehensive source of Internet links at NDTnet s NDT/UT Library which list 250 sites with its abstracts in sections Institutes, Societies, Applications, Databases/Archives, Standards. 

Bar-Cohen, R Diederichs, M Jones, M Onoe, International NDT technical Collaborations using the Internet. ASNT 1996 Fall Conference, http //www.ndt.net/article/www team/asnt-www.htm. 

R. Diederichs, Internet-Journal s marketing oppertunities UTonline No 1, January 1996, http //www.ndt.net/article/editoria/intem e.htm... 

Trougott Koch, Browsing and searching Internet resources, http // WWW ub21u.se/n avmenu. ht ml... 

Training and Certification Using Eddy-Current Simulators on the Internet. 

Edcfy-cufrent NDT inspections using spatial data (sampled scans) ha >e many benefits. They separate the two conflicting aspects of an inspection scanning and signal interpretation. An instrument/display (client/server) based NDT inspection based on sampled scan data aides in the training and certification of inspectors. It can be used over the Internet or in-house Intranet networks to train or examine inspectors at multiple or remote sites. This saves travel time and resources as defects, instrumentation and teaching can all be consolidated Samples can be maintained and distributed from a central certification body providing more control andflexibility. 

The second task is then analysing the results of the scan. The results can be displayed live on a display screen, or stored and presented all at once or after further scaling and analysis. This playback feature of sample data will be the subject of the remainder of the paper, for as we will see the playback need not be immediate nor on site, but could take place synchronously or asynchronously over the Internet. 

The instrument/display (client/server) paradigm allows for synchronous and asynchronous analysis, locally or remotely via the Internet or in-house Intranet network. 

Nakamura S, Senoh M, Nagahama S, Iwasa N, Matsushita I and Mukai T 1999 InGaN/GaN/AIGaN-based LEDs and laser diodes MRS Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. 4S1 G1.1... 

Watters, A., Rossum, G. V., Ahlstrom, J. C. Internet Programming With Python. M T Books, Sebastopol, California, 1996. 

The compact textual coding requires no graphical input and additionally permits a fast transmission. These are important advantages of using SMILES in chemical applications via the Internet and in online services. SMILES is also used for the input of structures in the Daylight Toolkit [22]. 

For all the different methods of chemical visualization, a lar e number of special techniques arc available, depending on the purpose of visualization. These software programs can be installed on a local computer or can be operated via the Internet. An ovemew of these programs is given in Section 2.12.3. 

The JME Editor is a Java program which allows one to draw, edit, and display molecules and reactions directly within a web page and may also be used as an application in a stand-alone mode. The editor was originally developed for use in an in-house web-based chemoinformatics system but because of many requests it was released to the public. The JME currently is probably the most popular molecule entry system written in Java. Internet sites that use the JME applet include several structure databases, property prediction services, various chemoinformatics tools (such as for generation of 3D structures or molecular orbital visualization), and interactive sites focused on chemistry education [209]. 

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