Interpretation of signals

Blinks, J. R., et al. (1978). Practical aspects of the use of aequorin as a calcium indicator Assay, preparation, microinjection, and interpretation of signals. Method. Enzymol. 57 292-328. 

As in the CIPS technique, the measurements are usually recorded by walking directly over the pipeline. As the front operator approaches a defect, increasing signal intensity is recorded. As the front person moves away from the defect, the signal intensity drops and later picks up again as the rear operator approaches the defect. The interpretation of signals may obviously be more difficult when several defects are located between the two operators. 

The traces on the oscilloscope in the photo of Fig. 8 depict four typical measurement signals from the curves, it is obvious that the sensors measure the force rate. The winner is immediately obvious from the signal traces. The game is also useful to teach students the generation and interpretation of signals from ferroelectret sensors. The proposed approach to start experimenting with ferroelectrets enables students to not only fabricate a simple ferroelectret force sensor but also to play with the sensor... 

Fourier transform reflection-absorption infrared (RA-IR) spectroscopy is used to probe the structure and properties of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (C12S) monolayers that are self-assembled from dilute solution at an air-water interface. Recent optical models for the interpretation of signal intensity measurements are briefly reviewed. The methylene stretching peaks of C12S monolayers in the RA-IR spectra are used to determine die chain orientation, the surface concmtration and the conformational state of the alkyl chains. Conqiarisons are drawn between monolayers and C12S crystals. A phase transition is found as the concentration of C12S in the subphase below the monolayer is reduced. The effect of salt on the monolayers is presented. The infrared data is interpreted in terms of the surface tension behavior. 

The first system called LiSSA has been developed for interpretation of data from eddy-current inspection of heat exchangers. The data that has to be interpreted consists of a complex impedance signal which can be absolute and/or differential and may be acquired in several frequencies. The interpretation of data is done on the basis of the plot of the signal in the impedance plane the type of defect and/or construction is inferred from the signal shape, the depth from the phase, and the volume is roughly proportional to the signal amplitude. 

Interpretation of the impedance signal for set 2 (imaginary part function of the probe position along the slot)... 

The computed CWT leads to complex coefficients. Therefore total information provided by the transform needs a double representation (modulus and phase). However, as the representation in the time-frequency plane of the phase of the CWT is generally quite difficult to interpret, we shall focus on the modulus of the CWT. Furthermore, it is known that the square modulus of the transform, CWT(s(t)) I corresponds to a distribution of the energy of s(t) in the time frequency plane [4], This property enhances the interpretability of the analysis. Indeed, each pattern formed in the representation can be understood as a part of the signal s total energy. This representation is called "scalogram". 

For interpretation of measuring results, calibration characteristics obtained on the samples in advance is used in the above instruments. However, if number of impediment factors increases, the interpretation of the signals detected becomes more complicated in many times. This fact causes the position that the object thickness T and crack length I are not taken into consideration in the above-mentioned instruments. It is considered that measuring error in this case is not significant. 

As discussed above, the nonlinear material response, P f) is the most connnonly encountered nonlinear tenn since vanishes in an isotropic medium. Because of the special importance of P we will discuss it in some detail. We will now focus on a few examples ofP spectroscopy where just one or two of the 48 double-sided Feymnan diagrams are important, and will stress the dynamical interpretation of the signal. A pictorial interpretation of all the different resonant diagrams in temis of wavepacket dynamics is given in [41]. 

In contrast to IR and NMR spectroscopy, the principle of mass spectrometry (MS) is based on decomposition and reactions of organic molecules on theii way from the ion source to the detector. Consequently, structure-MS correlation is basically a matter of relating reactions to the signals in a mass spectrum. The chemical structure information contained in mass spectra is difficult to extract because of the complicated relationships between MS data and chemical structures. The aim of spectra evaluation can be either the identification of a compound or the interpretation of spectral data in order to elucidate the chemical structure [78-80],... 

At first glance splitting may seem to complicate the interpretation of NMR spectra In fact It makes structure determination easier because it provides additional information It tells us how many protons are vicinal to a proton responsible for a particular signal With practice we learn to pick out characteristic patterns of peaks associating them with particular structural types One of the most common of these patterns is that of the ethyl group represented m the NMR spectrum of ethyl bromide m Figure 13 15... 

The given structure A is confirmed by interpretation of the CH COSY and CH COLOC diagrams. All of the essential bonds of the deealin stmcture are derived from the correlation signals of the methyl protons. In this, the DEPT subspeetra differentiate between the tetrahedral C atoms which... 

The assignment of the umbelliferone residue in A likewise follows from interpretation of the Jqh and relationships in the CH COSY and CH COLOC plots following Table 48.1. The C signals at 5c = 112.9 and 113.1 ean be distinguished with the help of the eoupled NMR spee-... 

The CH COLOC diagram shows correlation signals for the methyl protons which are particularly clear (Table 51.3). Interpretation of these completes the assignments shown in formula D by reference to those CH multiplicities which have already been established (Table 51.1). 

Taking these methylene groups into account, interpretation of the HH COSY plot leads directly to the HH relationships C even if the protons at Sh = 2.34 and 4.58 do not show the expected cross signals because their intensity is spread over the many multiplet lines of these signals. 

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