Time of travel

The time of travel from the point the lightning strikes on the overhead lines to the arrester, considering a line length of approximately 420 km and speed of propagation of the surge as 0.3 km/,us,... 

If effective porosity and other parameters are known, the time of travel (TOT) for a molecule of waste transported by flowing water through the soil liner can be calculated. TOT equals the length of the particular flow path times the effective porosity, divided by the hydraulic conductivity times the hydraulic gradient (Figure 26.10). 

Assuming plug flow, the distance downstream from the point of discharge, Z, is related to the average river velocity, v, and the time of travel, t, by... 

The time of travel is measured between the thermocouples the same thermocouples. The time is recorded as the temperature has reached 500 °C. 

The ignition front rate for the underfired case is defined as the initial weight of the bed divided by time of travel through the whole bed and the cross section of the bed. 

The time of travel is determined as the time difference between the start of the run and when the ignition front has reached the top of the bed. This evaluation of ignition front rate results in a overall time average value. 

In the moving drop technique (also described in Chapters 7 and 9), a drop of the organic or aqueous phase is produced at the end of a vertical column filled with the other phase. The drop travels along the tube, during which extraction occurs across the drop surface. By measuring the time of traveling, the drop size, and from the volume of collected drops, it is possible to evaluate the rate of extraction (see Chapter 9 for a detailed discussion of drop behavior and mass transfer). 

The Michelson-Morley interferometer compares the time of travel for light rays along just two perpendicular one-dimensional paths, while holography can... 

Sonic (up to 9,500 Hz) and ultrasonic (10-70 kHz) level sensors operate either by the absorption (attenuation) of acoustic energy as it travels from source to receiver, or by generating an ultrasonic pulse and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. If the transmitter is mounted at the top of the tank, the pulse travels in the vapor space above the tank contents, and if it is mounted on the bottom, the time of travel reflects the depth of liquid in the tank. In water, at ambient temperature, the ultrasonic pulse travels at 1,505 m/s (4,936 ft/s). 

At the other limit, when r > 1, the time of travel of the signal across the gap Z and back is longer than the lifetime of the electromagnetic fluctuation. The damping term goes to zero almost exponentially ... 

While raining into a gas stream, the particles are accelerated from some initial velocity to some equilibrium slip velocity with respect to the flowing gas. If the particles fall in a highly dispersed state, they may be treated as behaving individually (Kwauk and Chong, 1963), for which the time of travel and the distance traveled can be expressed in dimensionless forms ... 

A seismic sensor (geophone) detects the direct wave as it moves along the surface layer. The time of travel along this path is directly proportional to the sensors distance from the source and the material composing the layer. 

The mean square distance that a particle travels depends upon the time of travel in the following manner. The number of steps N obviously increases with time and is proportional to it, i.e.. 

In other situations, contact time is not equal to detention time. For example, in the case of the activated sludge reactor, contact time is the rise time of the bubbles to the surface, whereas detention time is the average time of travel of the water between the inlet to the outlet of the reactor. Contact time refers solely to the bubbles contacting the water during the time they were rising from the diffusers. Hydraulic detention time, in this case, has no relation to the contact time. 

The velocity of the bullet is the same in both model and prototype. The time of travel from the muzzle to the target is r = Xlv, so... 

With an estimate of the veloeity at hand, a first approximation can be made to the time of travel between various points on the river. For example, the travel time, in days, to eover a given distance, in miles, can be estimated by knowing the velocity in miles per day. This relationship ignores dispersion or mixing in the river and any effects of dead zones such as deep holes or side channel coves. 

The other landmarks which happened in the middle of the 8O s were a demonstration of the possibility of appheation of the STM apparatus for lithography (Fig. b), and for controlled atom handling. The invention of AFM microscope opened the route for the construction of several different force microscopies (SPM techniques). This way the use of STM/SPM techniques as a Feynman Machine finally had been realized, the STM apprenticeship time came to an end and the time of travel begau... 

Quantitative assessment of water-table aquifers vulnerability is being carried out when there is risk of bacteriological infechon. This method is based on groundwater downward time-of-travel during which percolated bacteria or polluted water may rich to water table. 

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