Dedicated Internets

Many literature sources document closed-form algebraic expressions for view factors. Particularly comprehensive references include the compendia by Modest (op. cit., App. D) and Siegel and Howell (op. cit., App. C). The appendices for both of these textbooks also provide a wealth of resource information for radiative transfer. Appendix F of Modest, e.g., references an extensive listing of Fortan computer codes for a variety of radiation calculations which include view factors. These codes are archived in the dedicated Internet web site maintained by the ublisher. The textbook by Siegel and Howell also includes an extensive atabase of view factors archived on a CD-ROM and includes a reference to an author-maintained Internet web site. Other historical sources for view factors include Hottel and Sarofim (op. cit., Chap. 2) and Hamilton and Morgan (NACA-TN 2836, December 1952). 

It is well known that the resources available on the Internet are in constant flux, with new sites appearing on a daily basis and established sites disappearing almost as frequently. This also holds true for the dedicated tools used in biochemical and biophysical studies. New tools are constantly becoming available, and established tools, obsolete. Such rapid change makes it difficult to stay current with the state-of-the-art technologies in the areas of bioinformatics and computational biochemistry and biophysics. 

While serious research of the behavior of CA systems demands the use of dedicated hardware, the often high cost of such hardware sometimes prevents its acquisition, particularly by young researchers and graduate students just entering this field of study. It is therefore important to realize that there are many excellent software-only solutions that can often be used very effectively for research. While the list provided below is by no means exhaustive, it gives some idea of the kind of packages that are currently available either commercially or via anonymous ftp over the Internet. 

Dedicated web sites have been developed for randomizing subjects over the Internet. Internet-based systems have also been widely used for subject enrollment and randomization. Some of these systems employ dynamic randomization number allocation [49, 50], whereas others use pregenerated randomization numbers. Various issues must be addressed when using the Internet for randomization, such as the availability of Internet access and the need for a backup system to ensure the continuation of operation when the web site is inaccessible [51]. 

Table 2.4 summarizes the above in terms of a shopping list for new items. It is once again emphasized that the numbers are to be understood as indicative (e.g., not for use in grant proposals). And recall that old spectrometers are not necessarily inferior at all to new ones, and they can be very cheap if standing in someone s way. Also, items such as frequency counters up to X-band appear regularly as second hand offers on the Internet for a fraction of their new price. And finally, the table does not show possible hidden costs, that is, of items that are taken for granted because they already happen to be around, but whose budgeting may be prohibitive when they have to be acquired, for example, square meters of lab space or dedicated operators. 

Fourteen Cabinet servers were deployed on the Internet (WWW) over a dedicated 2x2 GHz 4 GB G5DP over a corporate T1 connection. As with most Internet servers, performance is connection-limited, so sheer server performance is not the limiting factor. However, operation over the Internet has its own special issues, some of which Cabinet ran into. 

The Internet has revolutionized the way information is delivered to computers. A whole chapter could be dedicated to the current and emerging technologies and their applicability to the drug industry. Besides the wealth of information available, the Internet also provides quick and inexpensive transfer of data. 

The purchase order allows the pharmacy to track the items ordered. The order is then placed via a dedicated computer terminal typically provided by the wholesaler. The computer has the necessary software and connections needed to place the order with the wholesaler. As computer technology continues to expand, wholesalers are beginning to improve their systems and place ordering systems on the Internet, providing enhanced fxmctional-ity and flexibility. In other cases, especially in smaller pharmacies, drug orders are placed via the phone. 

Wireless Device Devices, usually handheld, used for wireless data acquisition and communications. Examples include mobile phones and pagers. These devices can connect to intranet and internet services as well as facilitating dedicated communication links to host computer systems. [Defined for this book.]... 

FTIR, Laser Raman, SAXS and nitrogen adsorption. The experimental validation of these materials has been mainly catalysis, especially dedicated to oxidation reactions. Filtration, separation and extraction are other possibilities. It can be done from organic solution, but also from aqueous solutions as recently some progresses have been done on the hydrostabilistion of the materials. Here are presented some of the results obtained in all these areas, from the synthesis side to the applications. The specificity of each partner involved in the project is not fully detailed here but may be found on the internet site whose address is provided at the top of the reference section. 

Phone +1 703-934-1223. E-mail info acmt.net. URL http // www.acmt.net. Fotmded 1993.500 members. Dedicated to advancing the science and practice of medical toxicology (as recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties). Publishes Internet Journal of Medical Toxicology and the ACMT Newsletter. 

SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE GLOBAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEDICATED MEDICAL INTERNETS AND GRIDS... 

From time to time there have been fears of saturation of the Internet, and speculation on the need for a second Internet specializing in medical communication and even research. So far that need has not been critical, but its architecture will doubtless mirror the main Internet. Closely related to the Internet and in some respects to the idea of a specialized medical second Internet is the notion of a grid, a collection of computers that can be global or local but characteristically share computation and storage as if they were all one machine. Such a dedicated network of computers does not prohibit, of course, its communication with the Internet. Rather it is often depicted as a local nerve ring handling localizable functions. 

Some drug companies maintain no Internet sites at all. Even so, information about them is obtainable oifiine. Dedicated profiling services like Bio-Space (www.biospace.com) appraise such companies and publish their findings on the World Wide Web, often to attract investors. These service companies also describe pharmaceutical corporations that do keep home pages. 

An important factor in the progress of bioinformatics has been the constant increase in computer speed and memory capacity of desktop computers and the increasing sophistication of data processing techniques. The computation power of common personal computers has increased within 12 years approximately 100-fold in processor speed, 250-fold in RAM memory space and 500-fold or more in hard disk space, while the price has nearly halved. This enables acquisition, transformation, visuahsation and interpretation of large amounts of data at a fraction of the cost compared to 12 years ago. Presently, bioanalytical databases are also growing quickly in size and many databases are directly accessible via the Internet One of the first chemical databases to be placed on the Internet was the Brookha-ven protein data bank, which contains very valuable three-dimensional structural data of proteins. The primary resource for proteomics is the ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) database, which is dedicated to the analysis of protein sequences and structures and contains a rapidly growing index of 2D-gel electrophoresis maps. Some primary biomolecular database resources compiled from spectroscopic data are given in Tab. 14.1. 

This system is provided to NTSC, as directed by the Beneficiary. It comprises a main server located in Almaty running the dedicated software, and distant PCs in Aktau. The internet connects the server to the distant partners which, besides Aktau, include KAEC, KATEP, the IAEA, the Consortium and other partners agreed by Kazakhstan, such as Russian institutes, ANL, Japanese companies. 

Fonr instrnments were deployed in unmanned sites, where they monitored VOCs in natural waters and wastewater during a period exceeding one year for each instrument The instruments were equipped with software that facilitated the automatic operation of each analysis, the identification and quantitation of VOCs from the raw mass spectra, and the transmission of the results to a remote control room via internet connection. In the remote control room, a personal computer with dedicated software displayed the results as bar graphs and was programed to activate alarms when set concentration thresholds were exceeded. Laboratory performance in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, linearity tests, and comparison with P T/GC/MS together with field performance in terms of data output, most frequent maintenance operations and technical failures, and overall stability of the four remotely-controlled instruments are discussed. 

Dedicated data systems perform four functions (1) control all operational processes of both the mass spectrometer and integrated peripheral instruments, such as GC or LC systems (2) acquisition and processing of all data (3) local interpretation of acquired data and (4) post-processing of data, including interaction with databases (almost always via the Internet) (Figure 2.44). Connection to the Internet also enables the remote control of multiple systems as well as the off-site diagnosis of failures by instrument manufacturers. 

This reference is the culmination of many years of research, investigation of product sources acquired through personal contacts and correspondences with major chemical manufacturers worldwide, as well as a dedicated staff researching toxicological databases, chemical reference books, trade magazines/journals, and the internet. 

Software/drivers Dedicated software from manufacturer, Labview drivers available on the internet... 

I am very grateful to my colleagues with whom I have discussed the material in this course over many years, especially Dr. David A. Johnson, the late Dr. John R. Chipperfield, and the late Dr. B. Michael Chadwick. John encotrraged me to put the course on the internet and prepared the text for this. I dedicate the web version to his memory. 

The ISP has also set up an intranet for John and his Mexican partner and several of their critical suppliers in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. This site allows them to communicate quickly and coordinate both their manufacturing production and business activities. For example, accounts are balanced between all parties at the close of every day. They are currently expanding their intranet to include all of the critical steps in shipments between the United States and Mexico so they will be able to know where each shipment of components is at any time. And, they are currently negotiating with a Japanese bicycle company to supply semi-assembled bikes to that market (everything except derailleurs, chains, and brakes). They will also use E-commerce to coordinate the U.S., Mexican, and Japanese operations. This is a success story that would not have been possible except for the inexpensive, ubiquitous Internet, coupled with inexpensive, reliable, transaction software with encryption algorithms, and techniques that allow both security for financial transactions as well as Intranets over the internet and dedicated or public telephone lines. 

Virtual private network (VPN) A private network that uses Internet technology. It is only accessible by authorized users and is seen as a cost-effective alternative to dedicated lines. 

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