Solids waste

Waste water treatment is used to purify process water, runoff, and sewage. As much as possible, purified waste-water steams are re-used in the refinery. Wastewater streams may contain suspended solids, dissolved salts, phenols, ammonia, sulfides, and other compounds. The streams come from just about every process unit, especially those that use wash water, condensate, stripping water, caustic, or neutralization acids. 

Primary treatment uses a settling pond to allow most hydrocarbons and suspended solids to separate from the wastewater. The solids drift to the 

Acidic wastewater is neutralized with ammonia, lime, or sodium carbonate. Alkaline wastewater is treated with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide-rich flue gas, or sulfur. 

Some suspended solids remain in the water after primary treatment. These are removed by filtration, sedimentation or air flotation. Flocculation agents may be added to consolidate the solids, making them easier to remove by sedimentation or filtration. Activated sludge is used to digest water-soluble organic compounds, either in aerated or anaerobic lagoons. Steam-stripping is used to remove sulfides and/or ammonia, and solvent extraction is used to remove phenols. 

Tertiary treatment processes remove specific pollutants, including traces of benzene and other partially soluble hydrocarbons. Tertiary water treatment can include ion exchange, chlorination, ozonation, reverse osmosis, or adsorption onto activated carbon. Compressed oxygen may be used to enhance oxidation. Spraying the water into the air or bubbling air through the water removes remaining traces of volatile chemicals such as phenol and ammonia. 

1 Identify nonhazardous solid wastes generated by facility. ----------------------------------------- 

4 List waste hanler(s) nsed by facility Name  

5 List disposal site(s) nsed by hanler for solid wastes. 

6 Has other disposal site(s) been nsed by present or past hanler(s)  

1 Identily nonhazardons liqnid (non-domestic) wastes generated by facility.  

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (Solid Waste Disposal Act) was originally enacted by Congress in 1976 and amended several times subsequently. The 1984 amendments set deadlines for enforcing the regulations. They also placed restrictions on disposal of wastes on land and forced tighter regulation of hazardous wastes. 

In effect, Congress gave EP A the authority to control hazardous wastes from their generation to their ultimate disposal. 

Congress also sought to encourage the recycling of recoverable material. The RCRA included the statements that  

Furthermore the act proposed to prohibit future open dumping on the land and required the conversion of existing open dumps to fecilities which do not pose a danger to the environment or health. The Act requires that hazardous waste be properly managed, thereby reducing the need for corrective action at a future date. An important consideration of RCRA was that it required the promulgation of guidelines for solid waste collection, transport, separation, recovery, and disposal practices and systems. 

The Act setup specific procedures for establishing standards. Enforcement of job safety and health standards were also written into the Act. 

For over a century plastics have successfully competed with other materials in old and new applications providing cost-performance advantages, etc. In fact within the plastic industry there is extensive competition where one plastic competes with another plastic. Examples include many such as thermoplastic elastomers vs. thermoset 

In general, companies in the plastics industry can obtain patents upon the processes they use to manufacture new materials (Chapter 4, DESIGNING AND LEGAL MATTER). However, since a processed patent discloses a great deal of information that may be useful to competitors even though they are not using or do not wish to use the exact process as that described in the patent. Some firms in the industry do not 

Plastic materials manufacturing is primarily a large-volume, low-cost, low-unit profit margin business with great overall economies. The plastics generally compete with each other on a money value basis in which an economic analysis takes into account the differing densities of the various plastics in order to judge them on a cost per pound or volume basis. 

Conventionally, we think of competition as being between essentially similar products on a price, quality, and service basis. In plastics, competition is much broader and often more intense. 

Competition, at each stage in the plastics industry, is in their raw materials. Many monomers can be made from alternate raw materials such as polyvinyl chloride that may begin with either ethylene or acetylene. Most plastic products may be made from a variety of plastics such as pipe that may be extruded from PVC, polyethylene, ABS, and so on. 

Whatever goes to the local sanitary dump will eventually find its way into the environment. For this reason, materials that are to be disposed of as garbage from the laboratory should be carefully scrutinized. There are those who feel that traces of hazardous materials when mixed with large amounts of regular garbage will somehow disappear. They will not. Worse yet, some materials could react when combined and possibly generate enough heat to cause fire. 

1 BioMAX is a registered Trademark of El DuPonT de Nemours and Company. Earthshell Corporation and Earthshell Packaging are registered Trademarks of Earthshell Corporation. 

In a new development the aerobic activated sludge plant was replaced by a compact aeration reactor, in order to reduce the odor of the anaerobic treated process water and to eliminate CaCOs, which might cause problems when the biologically treated water is led back into the papermaking process [8, 9]. 

Wood residues Stock preparation rejects Sludges Incineration waste Other waste 

Siudges from Waste Water treatment plants 31% 

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Hearth incinerators. This type of incinerator is designed primarily to incinerate solid waste. Solids are moved through the combustion chamber mechanically using a rake. 

To satisfy the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1977) and its amendment for hazardous and solid waste (1984), the 80(K) Series Methods have been designed to analyze solid waste, soUs, and groundwater. In particular, methods 8240/8260 require the use of a purge-and-trap device in conjunction with packed or capillary GC/MS, respectively, for the analysis of purgeable organic compounds. Methods 8250/8270 concern analyses for the less-volatile bases, neutrals, and acids by GC/MS after extraction from the matrix by an organic solvent. 

Industrial oils Industrial power Industrial recycling Industrial solid wastes Industrial solvents Inert blanketing gas... 

Mumetal Plus Mumiia Mumps Munich beers Municipal solid waste... 

Solid-state welding Solid tantalum capacitors Solid waste disposal Soliton... 

Of the 200 million tons of municipal solid waste collected in the United States in 1993 (1), 22% was recycled while 62% was placed in landfills and 16% incinerated (2). Plastics comprised 9.3% of these materials. The number of U.S. residential collection programs increased from 1,000 in 1988 to more than 7,000 involving more than 100 million people in 1993 (2). Approximate 1994 U.S. recycling rates are given in Table 1. 

When processing municipal solid wastes, an eddy current separation unit is often used to separate aluminum and other nonferrous metals from the waste stream. This is done after removal of the ferrous metals (see Fig. 1). The eddy current separator produces an electromagnetic field through which the waste passes. The nonferrous metals produce currents having a magnetic moment that is phased to repel the moment of the appHed magnetic field. This repulsion causes the nonferrous metals to be thrown out of the process stream away from nonmetallic objects (13). 

B. D. Bauman, "Scrap The Reuse Through Surface-Modification Technology," paper presented at International Symposium on Research and Depelopment for Improping Solid Waste Management, Cincinnati, Ohio, Eeb. 7, 1991. 

L. Erwin and L. Hall Healy, Jr., Packaging and Solid Waste Management Strategies, The American Management Association, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Includes hydioelectiic, geothernial, wood, wood waste, municipal solid waste, other biomass, and solar and wind power. 

D. Tillman, A. Rossi, and K. Vick, Incineration of Municipal and Iia rdous Solid Wastes, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1989. 

Table 15. Product Yields from Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Organics ...

Municipal Solid Waste. In the eady 1990s, the need to dispose of municipal soHd waste (MSW) ia U.S. cities has created a biofuels industry because there is Htde or no other recourse (107). Landfills and garbage dumps are being phased out ia many communities. Combustion of MSW, ie, mass-bum systems, and RDF, ie, refuse-derived fuel, has become an estabhshed waste disposal—energy recovery industry. 

S. B. Alpert and co-workers. Pyrolysis of Solid Wastes A Technical andEconomic Assessment, NTIS PB 218—231, SRI, Menlo Park, Calif., Sept. 1972. 

J. L. Jones and S. B. Radding, eds.. Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass, ACS Symposium Series 130, American Chemical Society, Washington,... 

Table 1. Product Composition for Municipal Solid Waste, Wt %...

Table 9. Trace Metals in Municipal Solid Waste and Solid Waste Ash, ppm by wt...

The rate of solid waste combustion is controlled by diffusion, rather than by reaction kinetics. In general, the time required for combustion of a single particle of waste (1) can be expressed as ... 

Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Incinerators. 

Characterisation of Products ContainingMercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the Ended States, 1970—2000, OSW No. EPA530-R-92-013 (NTIS No. PB92-162 569), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

The Shallow land Burial ofEow-Eevel Radioactively Contaminated Solid Waste, Committee on Radioactive Waste Management, National Academy of Sciences, Washiagton, D.C., 1976. 

Fig. 1. Municipal solid waste management system where ( ) indicates recycling options and (-), optional transfer.

Fig. 3. Materials recovery, composting, combustion, and discards of municipal solid waste from 1969 to 2000 (1995—2000 estimated) as a fraction of total generation, where A represents landfill and other B, combustion C, recovery for recycling and D, recovery for composting.

Franklin Associates, Ltd. and Keep America Beautiful, Inc., The Eole ofKegclingin Integrated Solid Waste Management to the Year 2000 Summary Keep America Beautiful, Inc., Washington, D.C., Sept. 1994. 

H. Alter, The Greatly Growing Garbage Problem A. Guide to Municipal Solid Waste Management For Communities and Businesses U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1988. 

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Facing America s Trash What Nextfor Municipal Solid Waste OTA-O-424, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1989. 

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