Patent process

Peroxide-Ketazine Process. Elf Atochem in France operates a process patented by Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhhnaim (PCUK). Hydrogen peroxide (qv), rather than chlorine or hypochlorite, is used to oxidize ammonia. The reaction is carried out in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at atmospheric pressure and 50°C. The ratio of H202 MEK NH2 used is 1 2 4. Hydrogen peroxide is activated by acetamide and disodium hydrogen phosphate (117). Eigure 6 is a simplified flow sheet of this process. The overall reaction results in the formation of methyl ethyl ketazine [5921-54-0] (39) and water ... 

In 1962, the first method for welding (qv) metals ia spots along a linear path by explosive detonation was patented (8). This method is not, however, used iadustriaHy. In 1963, a theory that explained how and why cladding occurs was pubHshed (9). Research efforts resulted ia process patents which standardized iadustrial explosion cladding. Several of the patents describe the use of variables iavolved ia parallel cladding which is the most popular form of explosion cladding (10—13). Several excellent reviews on metal cladding have been pubHshed (14—16). 

Idemitsu Process. Idemitsu built a 50 t x 10 per year plant at Chiba, Japan, which was commissioned in Febmary of 1989. In the Idemitsu process, ethylene is oligomerised at 120°C and 3.3 MPa (33 atm) for about one hour in the presence of a large amount of cyclohexane and a three-component catalyst. The cyclohexane comprises about 120% of the product olefin. The catalyst includes sirconium tetrachloride, an aluminum alkyl such as a mixture of ethylalurninumsesquichloride and triethyl aluminum, and a Lewis base such as thiophene or an alcohol such as methanol (qv). This catalyst combination appears to produce more polymer (- 2%) than catalysts used in other a-olefin processes. The catalyst content of the cmde product is about 0.1 wt %. The catalyst is killed by using weak ammonium hydroxide followed by a water wash. Ethylene and cyclohexane are recycled. Idemitsu s basic a-olefin process patent (9) indicates that linear a-olefin levels are as high as 96% at C g and close to 100% at and Cg. This is somewhat higher than those produced by other processes. 

There are two commercial solvent crystaUi2ation processes. The Emersol Process, patented in 1942 by Emery Industries, uses methanol as solvent and the Armour-Texaco Process, patented in 1948, uses acetone as solvent. The fatty acids to be separated are dissolved in the solvent and cooled, usually in a double-pipe chiller. Internal scrapers rotating at low rpm remove the crystals from the chilled surface. The slurry is then separated by means of a rotary vacuum filter. The filter cake is sprayed with cold solvent to remove free Hquid acids, and the solvents are removed by flash evaporation and steam stripping and recovered for reuse (10). 

Ethylene oxide (qv) was once produced by the chlorohydrin process, but this process was slowly abandoned starting in 1937 when Union Carbide Corp. developed and commercialized the silver-catalyzed air oxidation of ethylene process patented in 1931 (67). Union Carbide Corp. is stiU. the world s largest ethylene oxide producer, but most other manufacturers Hcense either the Shell or Scientific Design process. Shell has the dominant patent position in ethylene oxide catalysts, which is the result of the development of highly effective methods of silver deposition on alumina (29), and the discovery of the importance of estabUshing precise parts per million levels of the higher alkaU metal elements on the catalyst surface (68). The most recent patents describe the addition of trace amounts of rhenium and various Group (VI) elements (69). 

Electric arc process. Patented by Siemens in 1878, this u.ses an electric current through the metal (direct-arc), or an arc just above the metal (indirect-arc), as a means of heating. It is widely used in the manufacture of alloy- and other high-quality steels. 

Reproducibility was provided by the calotype" process, patented in 1841 by the English landowner W. H. Fox Talbot, which used semi-transparent paper treated with Agl and a developer , gallic acid. This produced a negative from which any number of positive prints could subsequently be obtained. Furthermore it embodied the important discovety of the latent image which could be fully developed later. Even with Talbot s very coarse papers, exposure times were reduced to a few minutes and portraits became feasible, even if uncomfortable for the subject. 

The IM process is a manufacturing technology that has been modified, extended, and refined for over a century. Many different methods and techniques have been introduced to improve the process and make it more economical in the manufacturing environment. Although these advances have been significant, a technical analysis reveals that relatively few conceptual difference exist between the early process patents and today s methodology (223, 224). 

In general, companies in the plastics industry can obtain patents upon the processes they use to manufacture new materials (Chapter 4, DESIGNING AND LEGAL MATTER). However, since a processed patent discloses a great deal of information that may be useful to competitors even though they are not using or do not wish to use the exact process as that described in the patent. Some firms in the industry do not... 

The Swedish-Norwegian continuous process and the Hercules process are discussed below Swedish-Norwegian Chematur and Norsk Spraengstoffindustri Continuous Process This process, patented in Sweden in 1953 (Ref 42), employes stepwise nitration of mono- and/or di-nitrotoluene to trinitrotoluene in a series of counter-current units, each unit consisting of a nitrator and a separator... 

A process patented by du Pont [44,45] involves a previous saturation of the alcohol with hydrogen chloride before reacting with chlorosulfonic acid to minimize side effects and provide lighter colored products. 

C. L. Burdick and J. N. Pullig. Sodium formate fluidized polymer suspensions process. Patent US 5228908, 1993. 

G. E. Jenneman and J. B. Clark. Injection of scale inhibitors for subterranean microbial processes. Patent US 5337820,1994. 

L. S. Merrill. Fiber reinforced gel for use in subterranean treatment process. Patent WO 9319282,1993. 

V. R. Negomedzyanov, V. P. Bortsov, V. S. Denisov, V. V. Slepov, and S. S. Volkova. Plugging composition for use in oil and gas extraction industry—contains Portland cement and aluminium-containing additive in form of slag dust waste from aluminium production process. Patent RU 2029067-C, 1995. 

W. C. Richardson and K. R. Kibodeaux. Chemically assisted thermal flood process. Patent US 6305472, 2001. 

A. Savoly and D. P. Elko. Foaming agent composition and process. Patent WO 9516515,1995. 

A. L. Stacy and R. B. Weber. Method for reducing deleterious environmental impact of subterranean fractumg processes. Patent US 5424285, 1995. 

R. D. Sydansk. Enhanced liquid hydrocarbon recovery process. Patent US 5129457, 1992. 

Below are selected examples of catalyst synthesis and a description of die polymerization screening process (patent pending). Polyethylene monoalcohols (Unilin brand with an average of 460, 700 and 2000 Daltons, respectively) were provided by Baker Petrohte. These materials consisted of the primary alcohol as a... 

Proposed in the 1920s to confer easy-care properties. In 1976 process patents introduced for making cotton acceptable to disperse dyes in transfer printing. 

Levin8 prepared a survey for research and development R D heads in which they were asked about the effectiveness of different methods for protecting products and processes patents, industrial secrecy, rapidity in the learning curve and sales efforts. The results showed that product patents were considered to be more effective than process patents, but in general all the other methods were regarded as more effective than the protection provided by patents, in a general survey that was not addressed to any particular sector. 

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