Composition solid waste

Table 16. Char and Gas Composition from Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Organics ...

Table 1. Product Composition for Municipal Solid Waste, Wt %...

Sohd wastes, as noted previously, include all sohd or semisolid materials that are no longer considered of sufficient value to be retained in a given setting. The types and sources of solid wastes, the physical and chemical composition of sohd wastes, and typical solid-waste generation rates are considered in this subsection. 

Types of Solid Wastes The term solid wastes is aU-inchisive and encompasses all sources, types of classifications, compositions, and properties. As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated. It is important to note that the definitions of solid-waste terms and the classifications vary greatly in prac tice and in literature. Consequently, the use of published data requires considerable care, judgment, and common sense. The following definitions are intended to serve as a guide. 

Physical Composition Information and data on the physical composition of solid wastes including (1) identification of the individual components that make up industrial and municipal sohd wastes, (2) density of solid wastes, and (3) moisture content are presented below. 

Chemical Composition Information on the chemical composition of sohd wastes is important in evaluating alternative processing and recoveiy options. If solid wastes are to be used as fuel, the four most important properties to be known are ... 

Solid Wastes and Biomass Large and increasing quantities of solid wastes are a significant feature of affluent societies. In the United States in 1993 the rate was about 1.8 kg (4 lb) per capita per day or nearly 190 Tg (2.07 X 10 U.S. tons) per year, but the growth rate has slowed in recent years as recycling efforts have increased. Table 27-4 shows that the composition of miscellaneous refuse is surprisingly uniform, but size and moisture variations cause major difficulties in efficient, economical disposal. 

Studies of the incineration of liquid and solid wastes must determine the rates at which hazardous compounds are released into the vapor phase or are transformed in the condensed phase, particularly when the hazardous materials make up a small fraction of the liquid burned. We must be particularly concerned with understanding the effects of the major composition and property variations that might be encountered in waste incinerator operations—for example, fluctuations in heating value and water content, as well as phase separations. Evidence of the importance of variations in waste properties on incinerator performance has been demonstrated by the observation of major smges in emissions from rotary-kiln incinerators as a consequence of the rapid release of volatiles during the feeding of unstable materials into the incinerator. 

Figures are given for annual waste production in the Paris area and its composition is outlined. Many of the Paris area cities joined with Paris to create a solid wastes metropolitan authority for domestic waste treatment (SYCTOM). Three incineration plants bum 75% of the SYCTOM area solid wastes and the energy produced provides 43% of the energy consumed by the Paris urban heating network. Landfill is now expensive. There has been a reduction in the number of sites and French legislation prohibits landfill disposal of untreated solid wastes after 2002. A sorting unit at the landfill site was due to open in 1993 and another unit was planned for one of the incineration plants.

As baghouse dust accounts for a minimum of the total foundry solid waste, less attention is placed on characterizing this wastestream. Few data are available giving its physical properties and chemical composition. Visually, it is a very fine powder, dark gray in color. The dust may demonstrate physical properties that are similar to clay soils. 

Although low in volume compared with other foundry solid waste, baghouse dust may still be used beneficially in the production of portland cement. This opportunity arises from its attractive mineral composition silica, clay, and metal fines, which are needed in the cement kiln. Also, special efforts may be undertaken to characterize its chemical composition and purity. 

The composition of leachate is important in determining its potential effects on the quality of nearby surface water and groundwater. Contaminants carried in leachate are dependent on solid waste composition and on the simultaneously occurring physical, chemical, and biological activities within the landfill. The quantity of contaminants in leachate from a completed landfill where no more waste is being disposed of can be expected to decrease with time, but it will take several years to stabilize. 

It was observed that the factors contributing to the variation of leachate data are solid waste characteristics, for example, the composition and size of the waste and degree of compaction, the moisture content and degree of rainwater infiltration, temperature, sampling, and analytical methods.47... 

Keywords Refused Derived Fuels (RDF), Dry Stabilization Process (DSP), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Waste composition, Waste amount, Heating value, Emission Factor (EF)... 

Dioxin-like compounds are known to be one of the most harmful persistent organic pollutants of the chlorine based compounds. Dioxins are repeatedly synthesized and decomposed by complicated mechanisms and temperature changes at different locations in municipal solid waste incineration processes and the final streams discharged are commonly exhaust gas and incineration ash. Dioxins in different discharge types and compositions of effluents could be affected by incineration conditions such as temperature, feeding and discharging methods and incinerator type [47]. 

Tables 4.4 and 4.5 show the effect of temperature on product yield and composition from the pyrolysis of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) and bituminous coal. Other data11 show that beyond a certain temperature char yield does...

Municipal solid waste (MSW), 25 864 as biomass, 3 684 cadmium in, 4 489-490 characteristics of leachates in, 25 867t characterizing, 25 866-869 collection of, 25 869-870 composition analysis for, 27 365t ferrous scrap in, 27 411 incineration of, 25 872-873 mixed, 27 367-369 preparation of, 27 367-369 processing, 27 364-371 quantity and composition of, 27 362-364 recovery rates for, 27 364, 366-367t recycled, 27 360, 362-371 toxic chemicals in, 25 875-876 Municipal waste sludge, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal water, for aquaculture, 3 198 Municipal water softening methods,... 

Biogas can be obtained from digesting the organic material of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The composition of MSW varies by the somce of waste however, in all cases the major constituents of MSW are organic in nature and the organics accoimts for more than 50% of MSW. The economic exploitation of methane is worthwhile after one year from the start of the landfill operation. 

The term municipal solid wastes (MSW) is used to describe the wide range of waste materials produced by individual, family, and community activities. The graph shows the approximate composition of the municipal solid waste found in the United States today. 

Pozzolanic S/S systems use portland cement and pozzolan materials (e.g., fly ash) to produce a strucmrally stronger waste/concrete composite. The waste is contained in the concrete matrix by microencapsulation (physical entrapment). It is a chemical treatment that uses commercially available soluble silicate solutions and various cementious materials such as cement, lime, poz-zolans, and fly ash. By addition of these reagents and rigorous mixing, the waste is fixed or stabilized. Contaminant mobility is reduced through the binding of contaminants within a solid matrix, which reduces permeability and the amount of surface area available for the release of toxic components. 

Johnson, C. A., Kaeppeh, M., Brandenberger, S., Ulrich, A. Baumann, W. 1999. Hydrological and geochemical factors affecting leachate composition in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Part II. The geochemistry of leachate from Landfill Lostorf, Switzerland. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 40, 239- 259. 

Glass matrix composites from solid waste materials. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 21, 453-460. 

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