Listed wastes

A sohd waste is considered hazardous if it is either a Hsted waste or a characteristic waste. Listed wastes include a Hst of specific processes that generate a waste and a Hst of discarded commercial chemical products. There are four hazardous waste characteristics ignitabiHty, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The last refers to the leachabiHty of a waste and the resultant toxicity in the groundwater using the analytical method referred to as toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A Hst of substances included under TCLP is shown in Table 1. 

Hazardous wastes 7 RCRA-listed wastes (K060, K087, K141 to K145)... 

Wastes must be an RCRA hazardous waste in order to be subject to the LDR program. In other words, unless a waste meets the definition of a solid and hazardous waste, its disposal is not regulated under the LDR program. Once a generator identifies its waste as hazardous (either listed, characteristic, or both), the waste is assigned a waste code. When U.S. EPA establishes a treatment standard for the waste code, the waste will then become restricted (i.e., subject to the LDR requirements). RCRA requires that U.S. EPA establish treatment standards for hazardous wastes within six months of promulgating a new listing or characteristic. Until U.S. EPA establishes a treatment standard for a waste, this newly identified or newly listed waste (i.e., waste for which U.S. EPA is yet to establish a treatment... 

Residues from the combustion of hazardous waste are also potentially subject to RCRA regulation. If a combustion unit bums a listed hazardous waste, the ash could also be considered a listed waste via the derived-from rule. The owner and operator must also determine whether this ash exhibits any hazardous waste characteristics. The same is true if a unit bums waste that only exhibits a characteristic. Ash that exhibits a characteristic must be managed as a hazardous waste. 

Landfill leachate or gas condensate derived from listed waste. Landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate derived from previously disposed wastes that now meet the listing description of one or more of the petroleum refinery listed wastes would be regulated as a listed hazardous waste. However, U.S. EPA temporarily excluded such landfill leachate and gas condensate from the definition of hazardous waste provided their discharge is regulated under the CWA. The exclusion will remain effective while U.S. EPA studies how the landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate are currently managed, and the effect of future CWA effluent limitation guidelines for landfill wastewaters. 

The K list. The K list designates as hazardous particular wastestreams from certain specific industries. K-list wastes are known as wastes from specific sources. 

The waste typically contains harmful chemicals, and other factors indicate that it could pose a threat to human health and the environment in the absence of special regulation. Such wastes are known as toxic listed wastes. 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

Acutely hazardous wastes are the second most common type of listed waste. U. S. EPA designates a waste as acutely hazardous if it contains the appendix constituents that scientific studies have shown to be fatal to humans or animals in low doses. In a few cases, acutely hazardous wastes contain no appendix constituents, but are extremely dangerous for another reason. An example is a listed waste that designates unused discarded formulations of nitroglycerine as acutely hazardous. Although nitroglycerine is not an appendix hazardous constituent, wastes containing unused... 

The hazard codes assigned to listed wastes affect the regulations that apply to handling the waste. For instance, acute hazardous wastes accompanied by the hazard code (H) are subject to stricter management standards than most other wastes. 

The K list of hazardous wastes designates particular wastes from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing as hazardous. The K list wastes are therefore known as wastes from specific sources. Like F list wastes, K list wastes are manufacturing process wastes. They contain chemicals that have been used for their intended purpose. To determine whether a waste qualifies as K-listed, two primary questions must be answered. First, is the facility that created the waste within one of the industrial or manufacturing categories on the K list Second, does the waste match one of the specific K list waste descriptions There are 13 industries that can generate K-list wastes1 2 3 ... 

The generic P and U list waste description involves two key factors. First, a P or U listing applies only if one of the listed chemicals is discarded unused. In other words, the P and U lists do not apply to manufacturing process wastes, as do the F and K lists. The P and U listings apply to unused chemicals that become wastes. Unused chemicals become wastes for a number of reasons. For example, some unused chemicals are spilled by accident. Others are intentionally discarded because they are off-specification and cannot serve the purpose for which they were originally produced. 

The net effect of the mixture and derived-from rules for listed wastes can be summarized as follows once a waste matches a listing description, it is forever a listed hazardous waste, regardless... 

There are a few situations in which U.S. EPA does not require strict application of the mixture and derived-from rules. U.S. EPA determined that certain mixtures involving listed wastes and certain residues from the treatment of listed wastes typically do not pose enough of a health or environmental threat to deserve regulation as listed wastes. The principal regulatory exclusions from the mixture and derived-from rules are summarized below. 

There are five regulatory exemptions from the derived-from rule. The first of these derived-from rule exemptions applies to materials that are reclaimed from hazardous wastes and used beneficially. Many listed and characteristic hazardous wastes can be recycled to make new products or be processed to recover useable materials with economic value. Such products derived from recycled hazardous wastes are no longer solid wastes. Using the hazardous waste identification process discussed at the beginning of this chapter, if the materials are not solid wastes, then whether they are derived from listed wastes or whether they exhibit hazardous characteristics is irrelevant. A U.S. EPA module10 explains which residues derived from hazardous wastes cease to be wastes and qualify for this exemption. 

U.S. EPA proposed to significantly impact the RCRA hazardous waste identification process through a rulemaking effort called the Hazardous Waste Identification Rules (H WIR). The first rule, HWIR-media, was finalized on November 30,1998, and addressed contaminated media.16 The second rule, HWIR-waste, was finalized on May 16, 2001, and modified the mixture and derived-from rules, as well as the contained-in policy for listed wastes.5 Both the HWIR-media rule and the HWIR-waste rule attempt to increase flexibility in the hazardous waste identification system by providing a regulatory mechanism for certain hazardous wastes with low concentrations of hazardous constituents to exit the RCRA Subtitle C universe. 

Listed wastes also exhibit one or more of these characteristics. The significance of each of the characteristics listed above is discussed below and is summarized in Table 20.1.3 Deep-well-injected... 

If an incinerator burns a listed hazardous waste, the ash is also considered a listed waste. The derived-from rule states that any solid waste generated from the treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste, including any sludge, spill residue, ash, emission control dust, or leachate, remains a hazardous waste unless and until it is delisted. The owner/operator must also determine whether the ash exhibits any of the characteristics of a hazardous waste. 

There are four lists of hazardous wastes in the regulations wastes from nonspecific sources (F list), wastes from specific sources (K list), acutely toxic wastes (P list), and toxic wastes (U list) there are also the four characteristics mentioned before ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure toxicity. Certain waste materials are excluded from regulation under the RCRA. The various definitions and situations that allow waste to be exempted can be confusing and difficult to interpret. One such case is the interpretation of the mixture and derived-from rules. According to the mixture rule, mixtures of solid waste and listed hazardous wastes are, by definition, considered hazardous. Similarly, the derived-from rule defines solid waste resulting from the management of hazardous waste to be hazardous (40 CFR 261.3a and 40 CFR 261.1c). 

There are five specific listed hazardous wastes (K list) generated in refineries, K048 to K052. Additional listed wastes, those from nonspecific sources (F list) and those from the commercial chemical product lists (P and U), may also be generated at refineries. Because of the mixture and derived-from rules, special care must be taken to ensure that hazardous wastes do not contaminate nonhazardous waste. Under the mixture rule, adding one drop of hazardous waste in a container of nonhazardous materials makes the entire container contents a hazardous waste. 

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) identifies 1,4-dichlorobenzene as the hazardous constituent in various hazardous wastes. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is the basis for listing waste assigned the hazardous waste codes F024 and F025 (EPA 1981c). It is also the regulated constituent in hazardous... 

F listed wastes wastes from non- degreasing, resi-... 

K listed wastes Wastes from specific manufacturing operations (usually chemical or pesticide manufacture) Wastes from wood preserving operations, manufacture of paints, and manufacture of organic chemicals... 

P listed wastes Highly toxic chemicals that are rarely used, are banned, or are permitted for limited uses Acrolein, arsenic trioxide, dieldrin, heptachlor, me-thiocarb, osmium tetroxide, 2-propenal... 

Table 8-1 lists waste reduction methods discussed in this section, and references for finding out more about them. 

The RCRA metal-containing aqueous wastes include characteristic wastes (D wastes) and the listed wastes (K and F wastes). The characteristic wastes are those containing any of the eight RCRA metals above the concentrations (EP Toxicity levels) identified in the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 261.24). The F and K wastes are source-specific wastes and do not require any minimum metal concentration to be a RCRA hazardous waste. Table 1 identifies the RCRA waste codes chat have aqueous wastes with metals, and associated effective daces for land disposal restrictions. 

Listed Waste K062 Spent pickle liquor generated by steel finishing operations of plants that produce iron or steel August 8, 1988... 

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