Solid waste leachates

Headspace analysis has also been used to determine trichloroethylene in water samples. High accuracy and excellent precision were reported when GC/ECD was used to analyze headspace gases over water (Dietz and Singley 1979). Direct injection of water into a portable GC suitable for field use employed an ultraviolet detector (Motwani et al. 1986). While detection was comparable to the more common methods (low ppb), recovery was very low. Solid waste leachates from sanitary landfills have been analyzed for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds (Schultz and Kjeldsen 1986). Detection limits for the procedure, which involves extraction with pentane followed by GC/MS analysis, are in the low-ppb and low-ppm ranges for concentrated and unconcentrated samples, respectively. Accuracy and precision data were not reported. 

Sabel GV, Clark TP. 1984. Volatile organic compounds as indicators of municipal solid waste leachate contamination. Waste Manag Res 2 119-130. 

Sophisticated and highly refined methods are available to detect trace levels of silver and its compounds in air, solid waste leachate, water (the medium of most concern for human exposure), food, and other environmental media. These methods can accurately measure background levels in environmental samples, as well as levels at which health effects occur. There are no known deficiencies in the analytical methods for determining silver in environmental media, and no additional analytical methods appear to be necessary. 

Table 1. Studies involving toxicity testing of wastewaters and solid waste leachates.

Table 3 (continued). Studies combining toxicity/chemical testing and sometimes integrating other disciplines to assess waters, wastewaters and solid waste leachates. 

Table 5. HMBC for Municipal Solid Waste leachates from Florida Landfills.

It was observed that EDAR index values and intervals (Tables 2 and 4) did not change markedly with the deletion of two toxicity tests. Results of applying the EDAR index to waste samples indicate that values and ranks relate to the solubility of toxicants in aqueous phases. Based on this evaluation, wastes from photographic and X-Ray laboratories were observed to be extremely hazardous in contrast to hydrocarbon-containing waste leachates, described as either slightly hazardous or hazardous. The existence of sub-levels for an equivalent hazard description allows for better sample discrimination (e.g., Pharmaceutical solid waste leachate versus liquid waste with pesticides in Table 5). 

Food industry solid waste (leachate) 0.29 III Slightly hazardous H-D-L... 

In undertaking our search of the literature linked to bioanalytical assessment of solid waste leachates (Tab. 2), we circumscribed it to small-scale toxicity testing performed on leachates. Furthermore, we did not exclude marine bioassays, but we exclusively selected literature references involving test battery approaches (TBAs) on solid wastes (or their elutriates). As defined previously in the first chapter of this book, a TBA represents a study conducted with two or more tests representing at least two biotic levels. As also pointed out in Section 2 of this chapter, TBAs are suitable to assess hazard at different levels so as not to underestimate ecotoxicity. Nevertheless, we have not excluded from this review publications describing other types of bioassays (e.g., terrestrial bioassays, sub-cellular bioassays or those carried out with recombinant DNA (micro)organisms and biosensors), when those were part of the TBA. 

Table 2. Application of bioassays to assess ecotoxicity of (solid) waste leachates test batteries are listed in chronological order.

Four bioassays a) 5 min acute bacterial test (Vibrio fischeri) b) 11 to 21 d algal test (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) c) 48h acute crustacean test (Daphnia magna) d) 96h acute fish test (Pimephales promelas) Municipal and industrial solid waste leachates originating from a sanitary landfill Filtered (glass fiber and 0.45 pm membrane filters for algal test) and unfiltered... 

Three bioassays a) 8d growth rate aquatic plant test (Lemna minor) b) 72h germination plant test (Lepidium sativum) and 8d root elongation plant test (Lepidium sativum) c) 72h germination plant test (Brassica rapa) and 8d root elongation plant test (Brassica rapa) Different industrial solid waste leachates Saline extraction... 

Lambolez (1994) and Bispo (1998) showed that this kind of index can be used for integrating different results obtained from solid waste leachates without having to take into account the ME Vs obtained after biodegradation nor the flow (Q in the PEEP formula) specific to effluents. The Waste PEEP formula defining a PEEP index for waste then becomes ... 

Lin K-Y, Chang B-V, Wang Y-S. 1996. Mobility of copper, zinc and chromium with municipal solid waste leachate in soils. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B 20(1) 19-25. 

Compatibility of Flexible Membrane Liners and Municipal Solid Waste Leachates... 

Variations of the AAS technique are commonly used to detect zinc levels in air, water, and soil samples, as well as in certain plant and food samples. Inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy (ICP) is a recommended test method for analyzing solid waste samples to measure zinc. Using either the ICP method or the AAS method, operators of hazardous waste management facilities can determine whether a given sample is hazardous, based on the level of zinc in a sample of solid waste leachate. 

J.B. Quintana, W. Boonjob, M. Mir6, V. Cerda, Online coupling of bead injection lab-on-valve analysis to gas chromatography application to the determination of trace levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in solid waste leachates. Anal. Chem. 81 (2009) 4822—4830. 

Online sorptive preconcentration exploiting renewable solid surfaces, the so-called bead injection (Bl), in the miniaturized LOV platform has been hyphenated to GC separation with electron-capture detection for automated determination of trace levels of PCBs in solid-waste leachates. To this end, the MSFIA system presented in Chapter 3, Figure 3.19, has been implemented. It comprises a mul-tisyringe burette, an extra solenoid valve, an LOV, and an injection valve (IV) as well as reversed-phase copolymeric beads with hydroxylated surface (Bond Elut Plexa) included into the channels of a poly(ether imide) LOV microconduit, thus serving as a transient microcolumn-packed reactor for preconcentration of organic species [194]. 

Hettirachi, j. P. a., Hrudley, S. E., Smith, D. W. et al. 1988. A procedure for evaluating municipal solid waste leachate components capable of causing volume shrinkage in compacted clay soils. Environmental Technology Letters, 9, 23-34. 

---