Solid waste material

Processing and Recovery The functional element of processing and recoveiy includes all the techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes. Materials that can be recycled are exported to facilities equipped to do so. Residues go to disposal. 

Often, the immobilized product has a structural strength sufficient to prevent fracturing over time. Solidification accomplishes the objective by changing a non-solid waste material into a solid, monolithic structure that ideally will not permit liquids to percolate into or leach materials out of the mass. Stabilization, on the other hand, binds the hazardous constituents into an insoluble matrix or changes the hazardous constituent to an insoluble form. Other objectives of solidiflcation/stabilization processes are to improve handling of the waste and pri uce a stable solid (no free liquid) for subsequent use as a construction material or for landfilling. 

Degradation of solid waste materials in a landfill proceeds from aerobic to anaerobic decomposition very quickly, thereby generating gases that collect beneath the closure FML. Almost 98% of the gas produced is either carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane (CH4). Because C02 is heavier than air, it will move downward and be removed with the leachate. However, CH4, representing about 50% of the generated gas, is lighter than air and, therefore, will move upward and collect at the bottom of the facility s impermeable FML. If the gas is not removed, it will produce a buildup of pressure on the LML from beneath. 

Figure 16-7 A two-chamber incinerator. The raw waste is charged to the lower incinerator- Here it is burned with a limited air supply in order to develop a high temperature which will gasify most of the solid waste material. Between the chambers the gases pass a restriction (throat) where air is injected. They then enter the second chamber and the flame of the main burner.

This area of recombinant DNA technology also has application in the degradation of solid waste materials In waste water recovery, in leaching minerals from ore-containing rock, in improved oil recovery, and in the decontamination of chemical waste dumps through the engineering of microorganisms that can destroy specific toxic contaminants. 

The main objectives of this chapter are (1) to review the different toxic organic pollutants present in both liquid and solid (i.e., sediment, soil, suspended matter and biosolids as bacteria, plankton, etc.) phase environments as well as complex organic mixture (COM) leachates from solid waste materials of landfills and disposal sites (2) to summarize the most recent analyses of these MM pollutants and (3) to discuss the optimum instrumental analytical methods for organic pollutant characterization. 

An important and recently reported issue, namely slow sorption/desorption rates, their causes at the intra-particle level of various solid phases, and how these phenomena relate to contaminant transport, bio availability, and remediation, is also discussed and evaluated. A case study showing the environmental impact of solid waste materials which are mainly complex organic mixtures and/or their reuse/recycling as highway construction and repair materials is presented and evaluated from the point of view of sorption/desorption behavior and data modeling. 

Keywords. Organic pollutants, Aqueous-solid phase systems, Sorption, Desorption, Kinetics, Modeling, Transport parameters, Solid waste materials, Slow sorption/desorption, Highway materials, Remediation... 

SCS Single component system SP0M Solid phase organic matter SWMs Solid waste materials TOC Total organic carbon... 

The main objectives of this chapter are to (1) review the different modeling techniques used for sorption/desorption processes of organic pollutants with various solid phases, (2) discuss the kinetics of such processes with some insight into the interpretation of kinetic data, (3) describe the different sorption/ desorption experimental techniques, with estimates of the transport parameters from the data of laboratory tests, (4) discuss a recently reported issue regarding slow sorption/desorption behavior of organic pollutants, and finally (5) present a case study about the environmental impact of solid waste materials/complex... 

In the next few sections, a case study of the environmental impact of highway construction and repair materials as well as hazardous solid waste materials is presented and discussed from the view points of sorption/desorption processes. 

Assessment, prediction, and management of the environmental impact of solid waste material (SWM) disposal in landfills and recycled wastes mixed with... 

Fig. 9a, b. Dynamic batch leaching experiment data for various solid waste material leachates a before modeling b after modeling... 

Table 4. Summary regression equation constants for various solid waste material leachates on different solid phases (Note base 10 logs)... 

Whether a toxic pollutant in a COM or a solid waste material (SWM) leachate carries a charge or exists as a neutral species will have a dramatic effect on its environmental chemodynamics. This is a possibility with weak organic acids and bases, and is a function of the pK of the particular organic compound and pH of the surrounding environment. For instance, the dissociation of any weak organic acid (proton donor) may be represented as... 

ERA has named heptachlor as a hazardous solid waste material. If quantities of heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide of greater than 1 pound enter the environment, the National Response Center of the federal government must be told immediately. 

Mettler et al. found that their original procedure was not very convenient for large-scale production of the malonate intermediate 16. Safety precautions required to handle excess solid potassium cyanide were both difficult and expensive. To compound the problem even further, a large amount of Ti02-pyridine complex was generated in the first step of this process. This solid waste material required special purification treatment before its final disposal. 

Glass matrix composites from solid waste materials. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 21, 453-460. 

Monitoring is generally required both for disposal processes and for maintenance activities when workers can potentially be exposed, as well as for emissions and wastes transported off site. SOPCs may be agents or nonagents they may be found in the plant, in outdoor air, in liquid process or effluent streams, on surfaces in the plant, or in solid waste materials. Table 2-1 shows a number of examples of media that may require monitoring. 

Forstner, U.W., Calmano, K., Conrad, H., Jaksch, H., Schimkus, C. and Schoer J. (1981) Chemical speciation of heavy metals in solid waste materials (sewage sludge, mining waste, dredged materials polluted sediments) by sequential extraction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. WHO/EED, pp. 698-704. 

Top-down bulk technology Technology-to-date Solid waste materials... 

The purchase, transport, storage, use, and disposal of pesticides must be done according to international standards or those standards in accordance with the EPA. Basic environmental efforts can be taken to reduce the risk of vector-borne disease, such as establishing adequate shelters and a clean water supply and disposal of human and animal excreta and solid waste materials to reduce flies. 

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