Solid waste equipment

Mechanical size and shape Alteration of size and shape of solid-waste Equipment used to reduce the size of solid waste including... 

Processing and Recovery The functional element of processing and recoveiy includes all the techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes. Materials that can be recycled are exported to facilities equipped to do so. Residues go to disposal. 

Properties of Solid Wastes Information on the properties of solid wastes is important in evaluating alternative equipment needs, systems, and management programs and plans. 

Reduction of solid-waste volume alteration of shape of solid-waste components all modem collection vehicles essentially equipped with compaction equipment... 

The fuel value of most solid wastes is usually sufficient to enable self-supporting combustion, leaving only the incombustible residue and redlicing the volume of waste eventually consigned to sanitaiy landfills to only 10 to 15 percent of the original volume. The heat released by the combustion of waste can be recovered and utilized, although the cost of the recoveiy equipment or the distance to a suitable point of use for the heat may make its recoveiy economically infeasible. 

The EIA represents about 2,000 companies that manage solid, hazardous, and medical wastes manufacture and distribute waste equipment and offer related pollution-prevention sendees. 

Fluidized-bed process incinerators have been used mostly in the petroleum and paper industries, and for processing nuclear wastes, spent cook liquor, wood chips, and sewage sludge disposal. Wastes in any physical state can be applied to a fluidized-bed process incinerator. Au.xiliary equipment includes a fuel burner system, an air supply system, and feed systems for liquid and solid wastes. The two basic bed design modes, bubbling bed and circulating bed, are distinguished by the e.xtent to which solids are entrained from the bed into the gas stream. 

Public concerns about air quality led to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 to amendments to that act in 1977 and 1990. The 1990 amendments contained seven separate titles covering different regula-toiy programs and include requirements to install more advanced pollution control equipment and make other changes in industrial operations to reduce emissions of air pollutants. The 1990 amendments address sulfur dioxide emissions and acid rain deposition, nitrous oxide emissions, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide emissions, particulate emissions, tail pipe emissions, evaporative emissions, reformulated gasoline, clean-fueled vehicles and fleets, hazardous air pollutants, solid waste incineration, and accidental chemical releases. 

Conventional structural design and construction procedures for a construction are generally applicable to a construction incorporating foundry solid wastes. The same production methods and equipment used for conventional manufacture can be used for production of manufacture using foundry solid waste. 

Processed scrap metal. Scrap metal includes, but is not limited to, pipes, containers, equipment, wire, and other metal items that are no longer of use. To facilitate recycling, scrap metal that has been processed to make it easier to handle or transport and is sent for metals recovery is excluded from the definition of solid waste. Unprocessed scrap metal is still eligible for an exemption from hazardous waste regulation when recycled. 

Shredded circuit boards. Circuit boards are metal boards that hold computer chips, thermostats, batteries, and other electronic components. Circuit boards can be found in computers, televisions, radios, and other electronic equipment. When this equipment is thrown away, these boards can be removed and recycled. Whole circuit boards meet the definition of scrap metal, and are therefore exempt from hazardous waste regulation when recycled. On the other hand, some recycling processes involve shredding the board. Such shredded boards do not meet the exclusion for recycled scrap metal. In order to facilitate the recycling of such materials, U.S. EPA excluded recycled shredded circuit boards from the definition of solid waste, provided that they are stored in containers sufficient to prevent release to the environment, and are free of potentially dangerous components, such as mercury switches, mercury relays, nickel-cadmium batteries, and lithium batteries. 

The specific equipment used for each step depends on the incinerator type and the physical and chemical characteristics of the wastes the incinerator is designed to bum. Wastes are fed into the incinerator in batches or in a continuous stream. Liquid wastes are often pumped and atomized into fine droplets that bum more easily. Solid wastes may be fed into the incinerator in bulk or in containers using a conveyer, a gravity system, or a ram feeder.8... 

In most countries, solid waste containing metals such as neutralization sludge from the plating industry and flue dust from the metal and steel industries is currently collected and dumped in landfill, where it constitutes a perpetual toxic threat to the environment and a waste of resources. The alternatives to this landfill disposal are either to reduce the rate of discharge at source by an individually designed recovery process or to separate and recover the metals from the collected waste in a centrally located facility. A presumption for a centrally located facility would be that companies with metals in their effluents require treatment of their total wastewater streams. This could be accomplished through the relatively simple process of neutralization, which requires minor investment in sedimentation tanks and dewatering equipment and involves relatively modest operation costs. 

Our method for measuring leach rates is thought superior to other methods currently in use. Meaningful leach rate data can be obtained using relatively simple laboratory scale equipment coupled with standard NAA techniques. More detailed information can be procured by applying radiochemical separations and more sophisticated counting methods. The experimental technique described here is applicable to the measurement of leach rates for the elements of interest, from any solid waste form, in any potential storage environment. 

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