Solid waste treatment, concentrate

CONCENTRATED LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PROCEDURES... 

Solids suspended in gases (see also Solid wastes) Concentration of solid in gas (R) Design of treatment or Sampling... 

Sludge or solid waste is unavoidably produced in the treatment of water containing suspended solids. There are, however different technologies that we can select among that will indeed concentrate these solids, and thereby reduce the volumes that we ultimately must dispose of. In addition, some sludge can be stabilized and treated, which can impart a low, but none-the-less marketable value to this waste. These technologies and practices do indeed constitute pollution prevention and waste minimization programs within water treatment plant operations, and they can... 

Centrifugation is a well-established liquid-solid separation process popular in commercial and municipal waste treatment facilities. It is usually used to reduce slurry and sludge volumes and to increase the solids concentration in these waste streams. It is a technically and economically competitive process and is commonly used on waste sludges produced from water pollution control systems and on biological sludges produced in industry and municipal treatment facilities. 

Both preformed and in situ ferrite lowered plutonium concentrations in simulated process waste from 10-4 g/1 to 10-8 g/1 in one treatment step. Two or three flocculant precipitations, as currently used for waste processing, were required to achieve the same result. Ferrite waste treatment produced 4.1 g/1 solids, while production waste processing during the past year, using the flocculant process, produced 7.9 g/1 solids. 

Pollutant parameters and their concentrations found in the oily waste subcategory streams are shown in Table 9.9. The oily waste subcategory for the metal finishing industry is characterized by both concentrated and dilute oily waste streams that consist of a mixture of free oils, emulsified oils, greases, and other assorted organics. Applicable treatment of oily waste streams is dependent on the concentration levels of the wastes, but oily wastes normally receive specific treatment for oil removal prior to solids removal waste treatment. 

When viewing effluent treatment methods, it is clear that the basic problem of disposing safely of waste material is, in many cases, not so much solved but moved from one place to another. If a method of treatment can be used that allows material to be recycled, then the waste problem is truly solved. However, if the treatment simply concentrates the waste as concentrated liquid, slurry or solid in a form, which cannot be recycled, then it will still need to be disposed of. Landfill disposal of such waste is increasingly unacceptable and thermal oxidation causes pollution through products of combustion and liquors from scrubbing systems. The best method for dealing with effluent problems is to solve the problem at source by waste minimization, as will be discussed in Chapter 28. 

X The 3X decontamination level refers to solids decontaminated to the point that the agent concentration in the headspace above the encapsnlated solid does not exceed the health-based, 8-honr, time-weighted average limit for worker exposure. The limit for HD is 3.0 jg per cubic meter of air. Materials classified as 3X may be handled by qualified plant workers using appropriate procedures but cannot be released to the environment or sold for general public reuse. In specific cases in which approval has been granted, a 3X material may be shipped to an approved hazardous waste treatment facility for disposal in a landfill or for further treatment. 

The heap leaching process can be used to treat contaminated soil, sludge, or solid waste. The process treats large volumes of low-concentration waste, recovering metal for recycling. The process can be used in conjunction with other processes to treat organic contaminants and can also be used as postbiological treatment. 

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