Leachates municipal solid wastes

From McGinely, P. M. and Kmet, P, Formation Characteristics, Treatment, and Disposal of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, 1984. 

A possible source for much of the groundwater contamination is landfill leachate containing trichloroethylene. Trichloroethylene was the most commonly found chemical at NPL sites in New York State (Mumtaz et al. 1994). The compound was detected in leachate samples from Minnesota municipal solid waste landfills at levels ranging from 0.7 to 125 pg/L (0.7-125 ppb) and in groundwater near landfills at levels ranging from 0.2 to 144 pg/L (0.2-144 ppb) (Sabel and Clark 1984). Trichloroethylene was also detected in landfill leachate from a landfill in New Jersey at concentrations of up to 7,700 pg/L (7,700 ppb) (Kosson et al. 

Sabel GV, Clark TP. 1984. Volatile organic compounds as indicators of municipal solid waste leachate contamination. Waste Manag Res 2 119-130. 

It is important that the sample being tested is representative of the leachate in the landfill. Leachate sampled directly from a sump is usually representative, but care must be taken not to mix it during removal. This will disturb the sample s homogeneity and may result in components separating out. Another problem is that municipal solid waste landfill leachate will start oxidizing as soon as it leaves the sump and should probably be sampled under an inert atmosphere. 

Van Genuchten, M.T., G.F. Pinder and W.P. Saukin (1977). Modeling of leachate and soil interactions in an aquifer. Proceedings of the Third Annual Municipal Solid Waste Research Symposium on Management of Gas and Leachate in Landfills. EPA-600/9-77-026. pp. 95-103. 

Municipal solid waste (MSW), 25 864 as biomass, 3 684 cadmium in, 4 489-490 characteristics of leachates in, 25 867t characterizing, 25 866-869 collection of, 25 869-870 composition analysis for, 27 365t ferrous scrap in, 27 411 incineration of, 25 872-873 mixed, 27 367-369 preparation of, 27 367-369 processing, 27 364-371 quantity and composition of, 27 362-364 recovery rates for, 27 364, 366-367t recycled, 27 360, 362-371 toxic chemicals in, 25 875-876 Municipal waste sludge, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal water, for aquaculture, 3 198 Municipal water softening methods,... 

Fig. 5a-c. A typical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a atmospheric fallout sample, Alexandria City - Egypt b bottom incineration ash leachate of municipal solid waste - USA c hydrothermal petroleum, Escanaba Trough, NE Pacific Ocean. PAH Compound identifications N = naphthalene, MN = methylnaphthalene, DMN = dimethylnaphthalenes, P = phenanthrene, MP = methylphenanthrene, Fl = fluoranthene, Py = pyrene, BaAN = benzol anthracene, DH-Py = dihydropyrene, 2,3-BF = 2,3-benzofluorene, BFL = benzo[fc,/c]fluoranthene, BeP = benzo[e]pyrene, BaP = benzo[a]pyrene, Per = perylene, Cx-228 = methyl-228 series, Indeno = indeno[ l,2,3-c,d]pyrene, DBAN = dibenz[a,/z]anthracene, BPer = benzo[g,/z,z] perylene, AAN = anthanthrene, DBTH = dibenzothiophene, Cor = coronene, DBP = dibenzo [a,e]pyrene, DBPer = dibenzo [g,h,i] perylene... 

In 1980, 2.8 million tons of municipal solid waste was burned in the USA, yielding approximately 33% municipal waste combustion (MWC) ash. By 1990, the amount burned had increased to 32 million tons, creating approximately 25% of MWC ash or residue [265-267]. Controlled combustion of municipal solid waste produces two types of ash fly and bottom ash. Most MWC ash (80-99%) is bottom ash however, it usually contains a high percentage of toxic materials, and the leachates may not meet environmental standards. 

Dichlorobenzene (unspecifred isomers) has been reported in the leachate from industrial and municipal landfills at concentrations from 0.007 to 0.52 ppm (7-520 ppb) (Brown and Donnelly 1988). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has also been monitored in wetland-treated leachate water at a municipal solid waste landfdl in central Florida (Chen and Zoltech 1995). Groundwater samples contained concentrations of 0.08-10.71 ppb. Hallbourg et al. (1992) detected dichlorobenzene (unspecified... 

Johnson, C. A., Kaeppeh, M., Brandenberger, S., Ulrich, A. Baumann, W. 1999. Hydrological and geochemical factors affecting leachate composition in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Part II. The geochemistry of leachate from Landfill Lostorf, Switzerland. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 40, 239- 259. 

Meima, J. A., van Zommeren, A. Comans, R. N. J. 1999. Complexation of Cu with dissolved organic carbon in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash leachates. Environmental Science Technology, 33, 1424-1429. 

Freyssinet, Ph., Piantone, P., Azaroual, M., Itard, Y., Clozei.-Leloup, B., Guyonnet, D. Baubron, J. C. 2002. Chemical changes and leachate mass balance of municipal solid waste bottom ash submitted to weathering. Waste Management, 22, 159-172. 

Subtitle D of RCRA covers nonhazardous solid waste generators, transporters, treatment facilities, storage facilities, and disposal sites. Extensive rules governing municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLs) have been developed, including how to design, construct, operate, monitor, and close a landfill, as well as leachate systems and caps. The nonhazardous waste regulation is left for the states. 

Franke, M., Jandl, G, and Leinweber, P. (2006). Characterization of organic compounds in aerobic biological treated municipal solid waste and re-circulated leachates. Biodegradation 17, 473 185. 

Ward, M.L., Bitton, G., Townsend, T. and Booth, M. (2002a) Determining toxicity of leachates from Florida municipal solid waste landfills using a battery-of-tests approach, Environmental Toxicology 17 (3), 258-266. 

Other applications of the MetPLATE test include the assessment of heavy metal toxicity in aquatic environments (Gupta and Karuppiah, 1996), soils (Bitton et ah, 1996 Brohon and Gourdon, 2000 Kong et ah, 2003), sediments (Bitton et ah, 1992a de Vevey et ah, 1993 Kong et ah, 1998), leachates from wood treated with CCA and other wood preservatives (Stook et ah, 2001), municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachates (Ward et ah, 2002), teapots (Boularbah et ah, 1999) and metal accumulation in plants (Boularbah et ah, 2000). 

Table 5. HMBC for Municipal Solid Waste leachates from Florida Landfills.

Three bioassays a) 48h and 96h acute crustacean test (Daphnia pulex) b) 96h acute fish test (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus nerka) c) residual oxygen fish test (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus nerka) Municipal solid waste (MSW) leachates originating from a) Landfills b) Laboratory lysimeters (downward) c) Field lysimeters (downward) Unspecified pretreatment... 

Table 5. Prerequisite study - Ecotoxicity data of leachates of a municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (BA) and a slag from a second smelting of lead (2SL) obtained after following the draft standardEN12457 (2002) using liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) of 2 and 10.

Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A. and Parrella, A. (2003) Toxicity identification evaluation of leachates from municipal solid waste landfills a multispecies approach, Chemosphere 52, 85-94. 

Lin K-Y, Chang B-V, Wang Y-S. 1996. Mobility of copper, zinc and chromium with municipal solid waste leachate in soils. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B 20(1) 19-25. 

US EPA (1990), EPA 530-SW-90-029A. Characterization of municipal solid waste combustion ash, ash extracts and leachates", Washington D.C. 

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