Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste

Project Report (2008) Model design and deploy at pilot scale of the separation, collection and treatment of municipal solid waste for new urban zone. Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency (VEPA), Vietnam... 

Plrret, D., Si ille, P., Shields, G., Crovisier, J.-L. Madlr, U. 2000. Long-Term Stability of HT Materials Report 4. SAEFL, Section Wastes, Switzerland. The CD-ROM Long-Term Stability of HT Materials. A Compendium of the Static, Dynamic, Thermodynamic Pictures of Products from the High-Temperature Treatment of Municipal Solid Wastes and Associated Residues contains the technical report and the complete set of... 

The East Bridgewater facility (also serving Brockton), was built with an incinerator, (conventional except that it has bag filters for emission control), and as an alternate disposal means, a Resource Recovery facility. In 1972 CEA entered into an agreement with Arthur D. Little (ADL) to develop processes for emission controls from stationary sources and also for treatment of Municipal Solid Wastes. 

The generalized process flow chart for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste is shown in Figure 12. 

Trace toxic metals may escape from the municipal incineration process. Various agents, such as 0.25 M Na-citrate, have been used to aid the removal of heavy metals during electrodialytic treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly-ash (Pedersen 2002). One study found that the bottom ash in a municipal incineration system had 1000-fold higher levels of chromium(VI) in test leachates than the hopper cyclone and filter ashes (Abbas et al. 2001), but another study found the chromium in fly-ash to be mostly trivalent chromium (Coodarzi and Huggins 2001). 

Yuyan Hu, Pengfei Zhang, Dezhen Chen, et al. Hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash for dioxin decomposition. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 207-208 79-85, 2012. 

Bayard, R., de Araujo Morais, I, Ducom, G., Achour, F., Rouez, M., Gouidon, R. 2010. Assessment of the effectiveness of an industrial unit of mechanical-biological treatment of municipal solid waste. J. Hazard. Mater. 175 23-32. 

De Gioanni, G, Muntoni, A., Cappai, G, MiUa, S. 2009. Landfill gas generation after mechanical biological treatment of municipal solid waste. Estimation of gas generation rate constants. Waste Manage. 29(3) 1026-1034. 

Shiraishi Y., Kawabata H., Chichibu S., Furuta S. (1995) Total Flue Gas Treatment System of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant . Kobelco Techn. Review, no. 18,46-49. 

Besides economic considerations and site specifieations, what are the major characteristics of municipal solid waste that are employed for the selection of the treatment and disposal processes listed below ... 

Solid residues with final storage quality should have properties very similar to the Earths crust (natural sediments, rocks, ores, soil). This can be achieved in several ways, for example by assortment or thermal, chemical and biological treatment. In most cases, this standard is not attained by simple incineration of municipal solid waste - that is, by only the reduction of organic fractions. There is, in particular, the problem of easily soluble minerals such as sodium chloride. Future efforts should be aimed at optimizing the incineration process in a sense that critical components are concentrated in the filter ash and in the washing sludge, whereas the quality of the bottom ash is improved in such a way that deposition is facilitated and even reuse of this material is possible due to either the low concentrations or chemically inert bonding forms of metals. 

The problems associated with discarded batteries from the highly distributed domestic sources are complicated. They involve questions of social structures, economics, technology, and regulatory climates. The first problem is that of the efficient retrieval of discarded batteries. The next question that must be answered is what kinds of batteries may be allowed to enter municipal waste streams without treatment Another question is how will the consumers know which is which This is related to the question of the amounts of pollutants contributed by particular batteries relative to other sources of the same pollutants. It is not reasonable to consider batteries alone as a problem from the point of view of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatments when other sources contribute the same pollutants as well. Nickel/cadmium batteries are an example. Sources other than batteries contribute significant amounts of cadmium to MSW. The elimination of nickel/cadmium batteries from MSW or the elimination of cadmium from Ni/Cd batteries will not solve problems attributed to cadmium in MSW. 

It is evident therefore, that landfill gas production may be increased significantly by the addition of water, but that the volume of leachate will necessarily increase. The addition of water is a key requirement of the bioreactor landfill, and arguments relating to the advisability and technology of this landfill principle are discussed in Chapter 7. If the rates of waste degradation within landfill are to be increased, then optimisation of moisture content and flow is essential. For this to be achieved, effective control and treatment of leadiate will be necessary. However, the addition of excess moisture may not be necessary The moisture content of municipal solid waste is typically 20-30% in develop ... 

Delgenes, J. R, Penaaud, V., Moletta, R. (2(X)3). Pre-treatment for the enhancement of anaerobic digestion of solid wastes. In J. Mata-Alvarez (Ed.), Biometharumtion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (pp. 202-228). Cornwall IWA Publishing. 

Biodegradability was assessed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. For aerobic conditions, organic fractions of municipal solid wastes were composted. For the anaerobic process, anaerobic inoculum from a wastewater treatment plant was used. 

Figure 1 illustrates the components of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill waste containment systems. MSW landfills are by far the most common type of engineered waste containment system, followed (with respect to frequency of occurrence) by cover systems (caps) for uncontrolled dumps and hazardous waste sites and then by hazardous waste landfills. Caps and containment systems for hazardous waste landfills employ similar elements to MSW landfills. The performance of ancillary facilities at a waste disposal site subject to seismic loading, including leachate and gas treatment facilities, surface water control systems, access roadways, and landfill monitoring systems, is also an important consideration but will not be addressed herein. 

All the treatments that preceded waste landfilling should reduce the quantity of municipal solid waste that is sent to landfills. The aforementioned Directive obligates EU members to minimize the amount of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill to the level corresponding to ... 

Pan, J., Voulvoulis, N. 2007. The role of mechanical and biological treatment in reducing methane emissions from landfill disposal of municipal solid waste in the United Kingdom. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 57(2) 155-63. 

From McGinely, P. M. and Kmet, P, Formation Characteristics, Treatment, and Disposal of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, 1984. 

---