Solid waste recycled

Litter solid waste Recycle Compost Landfill... 

An Overview of Solid Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Landhlls Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Incineration Reducing Municipal Solid Wastes Recycling Vance Packard (1914-1996)... 

The same technique can be used to dye a material that is otherwise difficult to dye. An ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber was reacted first with maleic anhydride, then with an aromatic amine dye in an extruder to produce a dyed rubber.81 Dye sites can also be inserted into polyolefins by grafting them with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, using azo or peroxide catalysts in an extruder.82 jV-Vinylimidazole has been grafted to polyethylene in an extruder with the help of dicumylperoxide.83 The product was mixed with an acrylic acid-modified polypropylene and used to compatibilize polyethylene and polypropylene. This could be helpful in the recycling of mixed polyolefins from municipal solid waste. Recycling of cross-linked (thermoset) polymers is more of a problem because they cannot be remelted in an extruder. However, they can be if... 

Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Program Office... 

Lund, J. Least Ctost Scheduling of Solid Waste Recycling. ASCE Journal of Environmental Rngineering ii6(i) i82-I97, 1990a. 

Fig. 20.1. Future potentials for solid waste recycling and utilization.

In 1996, the world production of thermoplastics (Europe - 33.1% N. America - 33.0% S. America - 3.6% Asia - 28.5%, and Africa -1.8%) reached 131 million ton/year. By the year 2000, this amount is supposed to increase by another 20 million ton/year [1]. At the end of the life-time most of this mass becomes a solid waste. Recycling is considered to be either a reduction of waste, alleviation of disposal problems, or means for the recovery of material and/or energy. This chapter focuses on the material recovery as the most pertinent. 

Industrial oils Industrial power Industrial recycling Industrial solid wastes Industrial solvents Inert blanketing gas... 

Of the 200 million tons of municipal solid waste collected in the United States in 1993 (1), 22% was recycled while 62% was placed in landfills and 16% incinerated (2). Plastics comprised 9.3% of these materials. The number of U.S. residential collection programs increased from 1,000 in 1988 to more than 7,000 involving more than 100 million people in 1993 (2). Approximate 1994 U.S. recycling rates are given in Table 1. 

Fig. 1. Municipal solid waste management system where ( ) indicates recycling options and (-), optional transfer.

Fig. 3. Materials recovery, composting, combustion, and discards of municipal solid waste from 1969 to 2000 (1995—2000 estimated) as a fraction of total generation, where A represents landfill and other B, combustion C, recovery for recycling and D, recovery for composting.

Resource Recovery Act, 1970 The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was amended by Public Law 95-512, the Resources Recovery Ac4 of 1970. This act directed that the emphasis of the national solid-waste-management program should be shitted from disposal as its pri-maiy objective to that of recycling and reuse of recoverable materials in sohd wastes or the conversion of wastes to energy. 

Sohd wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally sohd and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in this subsection is all-inclusive, and it encompasses the heterogeneous mass of throwaways. The three R s should be apphed to Sohd Wastes Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce. When these nave been implemented, management of residual solid waste can be addressed. 

Processing and Recovery The functional element of processing and recoveiy includes all the techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes. Materials that can be recycled are exported to facilities equipped to do so. Residues go to disposal. 

Manual Component Separation The manual separation of solid-waste components can be accomplished at the source where solid wastes are generated, at a transfer station, at a centralized processing station, or at the disposal site. Manual sorting at the source of generation is the most positive way to achieve the recoveiy and reuse of materials. The number and types of components salvaged or sorted (e.g., cardboard and high-quality paper, metals, and wood) depend on the location, the opportunities for recycling, and the resale market. There has been an evolution in the solid waste indus-tiy to combine manual and automatic separation techniques to reduce overall costs and produce a cleaner product, especially for recyclable materials. 

Solid Wastes and Biomass Large and increasing quantities of solid wastes are a significant feature of affluent societies. In the United States in 1993 the rate was about 1.8 kg (4 lb) per capita per day or nearly 190 Tg (2.07 X 10 U.S. tons) per year, but the growth rate has slowed in recent years as recycling efforts have increased. Table 27-4 shows that the composition of miscellaneous refuse is surprisingly uniform, but size and moisture variations cause major difficulties in efficient, economical disposal. 

The sources of solid wastes per se are summarized in Tables 16.1 and 16.4.) However, dealing with any of them will involve some combination of the activities shown in Figure 16.2, i.e. collection, segregation and identification, processing, recycling, transport and final disposal. 

Figure 16.2 Three basic techniques - treatment, storage, conveyance - to effect recycle or disposal of solid waste either on- or off-site.

If the solid waste is inert and nontoxic, it can generally be landfilled. Hazardous wastes will have more stringent procedures for disposal. In some cases, the solid waste may have value and can be sold or recycled. 

For PM applications, wet scrubbers generate waste in the form of a slurry or wet sludge. This creates the need for both wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal. Initially, the slurry is treated to separate the solid waste from the water. The treated water can then be reused or discharged. Once the water is removed, the remaining waste will be in the form of a solid or sludge. If the solid waste is inert and nontoxic, it can generally be landfilled. Hazardous wastes will have more stringent procedures for disposal. In some cases, the solid waste may have value and can be sold or recycled. 

Recycling and Rense Bnsiness Assistance Centers located in state solid-waste or economic-development agencies, these centers provide recycling businesses with customized and targeted assistance. 

Promote a national research and development program for improved ntaitiigement techmques, more effective organizational arrangements, and new and improved methods of collection, separation. reco ery, and recycling of solid wastes, and Ute environmentally safe dispostil of nonTeco enibIe residues... 

Monitor environmental conditions and test for contanimants Encourage recycling, recovery, and reuse of all solid waste to conserve resources and reduce waste... 

G. E. Myers and C. M. Clemons, Final Report for Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling Demonstration, U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin, Project No. 91-5 (1993). 

Besides all the gaseous and liquid wastes of transportation that result from energy use, and the loss of natural environment to roadv ays, there is also the solid-waste problem of disposal— vehicles and components such as tires and batteries. Responding to the growing disposal problem, many manufacturers are building automobiles that contain far more recyclable parts. 

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