Solid-waste volume reduction

Land spreading, solid waste volume reduction via, 25 870, 874 Land transport, of food, 21 566 Land treatment, defined, 3 759t Land use changes, effect on stream water, 26 27-28... 

Different methods are used to recycle materials to provide plastics with a continuing life. Method used is influenced by factors such as quantity involved, weight involved, size and shape, costs, continued availability of material, etc. Solid waste volume reduction is an important consideration. It is the decreasing of the volume of solid waste through compaction or incineration. A 50 to 80% reduction is possible through compaction 90 to 98% through incineration. 

Reduction of solid-waste volume alteration of shape of solid-waste components all modem collection vehicles essentially equipped with compaction equipment... 

Mechanical volume Reduction of solid-waste volume alteration Hydraulic piston-type compactors for collection vehicles, on-site... 

Some dry solid wastes can be compacted to reduce their volume. Some generators have developed centralized local facilities to do this, while others place these materials into separate containers for the waste disposal firm to carry out this waste volume reduction technique. 

Reduction of volume of solid wastes through burning (incineration)... 

Waste water, soil, sediment, solid waste Extraction (liquid-liquid, Soxhiet, sonication) with organic solvent such as dichloromethane, removal of water, volume reduction. GC/MS (EPA method 8270) 20 g/L (ppb) for wastewater 1,300 g/kg (ppb) for low soil, sediment 110 at 100 g/L (100 ppb) EPA 1986a... 

With plastics taking up 20% of volume of municipal solid waste and costs of landfilling and incineration rising rapidly, waste reduction efforts focus on development of plastics recycling technology. 

Reactor Wastes. The same fimdamental approach of immobilization and disposal is being taken for reactor wastes. Work has been underway in AECL for several years on immobilization techniques (21). These include volume reduction processes of incineration for combustible materials and reverse osmosis for concentrating solids from aqueous streams. The concentrates from these processes will be immobilized in bitumen. The deep underground disposal facility developed for fuel wastes will most likely also be used for the iinnobilized reactor wastes. 

The Terrazyme phase segregation technology was developed to be a volume reduction system for use on wastes with high water contents. It is a chemically enhanced, mechanical separation process for segregating waste into a liquid and a solid phase. 

Envirobond is a stabilization technology that may be applied in situ or ex situ to treat solids (soils, sediments, wastes, and sludge) contaminated with heavy metals and radionuclides. Envirobond s proprietary blend of chemical additives combine with heavy metals and radionuclides to form an insoluble, stable mass. The Envirobric volume reduction system compacts the stabilized solids into construction-grade bricks. 

Sevenson claims that MAECTITE technology converts heavy metals and radionuclides in soil, groundwater, solid waste, debris, sludges, and other material into nonleachable forms that are stable over geological time spans. They also claim that the technology limits the bioavailability of lead in treated soil and can result in volume reduction with limited mass increase during treatment. 

A major application of these types of molded products would be for interior uses in automobiles, such as head liners, door panels, and dashboards. Although this is a low-cost, low-performance application, it represents a very laige-volume market. Indeed, wood is already utilized in applications of this type, but as a finely ground flour that serves as a filler (up to 40%) in extrusion-molded polyolefin products. The use of recycled fiber in this process and the one described above offers the potential of even greater cost reductions, combined with alleviation of solid waste disposable problems. 

Transfer and Transport of Hazardous Wastes The facilities of a hazardous-waste transfer station are quite different from those of an industrial or municipal solid-waste transfer station. Typically, hazardous wastes are not compacted (mechanical volume reduction),... 

The BASF process [39] has some resemblance to the Fuji process it is also a two-step process, and a PVC content lower than 5% is required in the feedstocks. The waste plastics are melted at 250-380°C and volume reduction and better uniformity are achieved. In this process, relatively cheap alkaline solid snbstances snch as calcium oxide, sodium carbonate or other alkalis in solution are used to remove HCl by absorption. Depending on the different plastics processed, oil product yields ranging from 20 to 70% can be achieved. This process is suitable for the treatment of mixed plastics containing heteroatom contaminants. 

Ferrous sulfamate has been the reductant for plutonium during partitioning of uranium and plutonium in the Purex process at SRP since startup. In recent years, a desire to reduce waste volumes has led to studies of alternative reductants or combinations of FeSA with other reductants. The FeSA in the Pu strip solution produces Fe(OH) 3 and Na2S0i in neutralized waste these compounds account for a large percentage of the solid material in Purex low activity waste. In an effort to reduce these wastes, we investigated HAN as a substitute for part or all of the FeSA in the Purex first cycle. 

Storage and transfer. When solid wastes are to be processed for material recovery, storage and transfer facilities should be considered an essential part of the processing operation. Important factors in the design of such facilities include (1) the size of the material before and after processing, (2) the density of the material, (3) the angle of repose before and after processing, (4) the abrasive characteristics of the materials, and (5) the moisture content. Mechanical volume reduction. Mechanical volume reduction is perhaps the most important factor in the development and opera-... 

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