Open dump

Hopper Trucks These trucks are used to transport by highway a wide variety of materials. Vehicle types range from the open-dumping kind to the closed type. Most common is the type that unloads by pressure differential into its own pneumatic-conveying system, which is temporarily connected to a storage silo. On this type of truck, the unloading of 18,100 kg (40,000 lb) of produces takes about 1 h, sometimes less. 

PBDEs Non-recycled plastics to open dumps 0.30625 0.0625 Puckett [7]... 

C02 emissions from waste account for a large amount. Waste generation each year is 13 million tons nationwide, of which, 75% was buried mostly in the open dumps. Based on forecast data 2015-2020, municipal waste volume will be two to three times higher than at present. Statistics emissions from not handled organic waste are about 75 million tons of C02 - that will be about 113 million tons in 2020 as being forecasted. 

Other disposal options for the sewage sludge are landfill, dumping at sea (forbidden in the EU since 1998) [30], and incineration. The most popular for solid waste disposal is landfill. However, many of the disposal sites are open dumps without protective barriers or leachate-collection systems, which represent a potential risk to the quality of the nearby groundwater. 

Open dumps pose a number of environmental problems, however. For example, they tend to attract rats, flies, gulls, insects, and other undesirable animals. Those animals not only are unsightly but also transmit a variety of diseases. In addition, open dumps tend to produce offensive odors that are carried to nearby residents. Dumps also tend to catch fire spontaneously, filling the air with additional unpleasant odors, as well as noxious and toxic fumes from burning rubber, plastic, and other synthetic chemicals. 

About 80 percent of all municipal solid waste was disposed of in open dumps until 1970, when amendments to the 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act discouraged and, in some cases, outlawed the practice. An important objective of those amendments was to encourage communities to make use of landfills, rather than dumps, for their waste disposal programs. 

A landfill is a site for the storage of wastes that is one step improved over an open dump. It normally consists of a hole in the ground where wastes are deposited. The wastes are periodically covered with a layer of earth, and additional wastes may then be deposited on top of it. The process may be repeated, with another layer of earth laid down on top of the new wastes. When landfills of this design have been used for some time, they may eventually take... 

This type of landhll solves some of the problems posed hy open dumps. For example, odors are less readily released into the air, and hres are less likely to break out. Infestation hy rodents, insects, and other animals is usually reduced also. But the most important problem posed hy open dumps—pollution of surface and groundwater-remains. It is still possible for rainwater to seep through layers of dirt and waste, leaching out noxious and toxic materials into nearby bodies of water. 

The joint result of these three factors was that, by the 1960s, Americans had adopted an attitude about solid wastes quite different from that of their 1900 forebears. They were consuming a much larger volume of materials, most of which were not naturally biodegradable, that were simply being dumped in the most convenient locations in open dumps, landfills, large lakes, or the oceans. 

Kunisue, T., Watanabe, M., Iwata, H., Subramanian, A.N., Monirith, I., Minh, T.B., Baburajendran, R., Tana, T.S., Viet, P.H., Prudente, M., Tanabe, S., 2004. Dioxins and related compounds in human breast milk collected around open dumping sites in Asian developing countries bovine milk as a potential source. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 414-426. 

Figure 11.3. Residue concentrations of persistent organochlorines in soils from open dumping sites and rural areas (control sites) in Hanoi and Hochiminh City, the two biggest cities in Vietnam.

Figure 11.8. Concentrations and TEQs of PCDD/Fs in soils from open dumping sites for municipal wastes in Asian developing countries.

Fate and behavior of dioxins in municipal wastes open dumping sites... 

Figure 11.9. Comparison of the fluxes to soils from open dumping sites in Asian countries with those from other locations in the world.

Figure 11.14. TEQs concentrations and estimated intakes of PCDD/Fs for breast-fed children from open dumping sites and control sites in Asian countries and Aluoi Valley, a former Agent Orange spraying during Vietnam War.

Dioxin contamination in open dumping sites in Asian developing countries... 

In Asian developing countries, the presence of large open dumping sites of municipal wastes in the suburban areas of major cities is the prime... 

Although residue levels of DRCs in soils collected from the open dumping sites in Asian developing countries were apparently greater than... 

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