Solid waste procedure

If the solid waste is inert and nontoxic, it can generally be landfilled. Hazardous wastes will have more stringent procedures for disposal. In some cases, the solid waste may have value and can be sold or recycled. 

For PM applications, wet scrubbers generate waste in the form of a slurry or wet sludge. This creates the need for both wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal. Initially, the slurry is treated to separate the solid waste from the water. The treated water can then be reused or discharged. Once the water is removed, the remaining waste will be in the form of a solid or sludge. If the solid waste is inert and nontoxic, it can generally be landfilled. Hazardous wastes will have more stringent procedures for disposal. In some cases, the solid waste may have value and can be sold or recycled. 

The primary contractor at Site A had identified clean zones, buffer zones, and related site control procedures in its written plan however, onsite implementation differed from those specified in the plan. For example, the exclusion zones identified in the plan at the upper pad of the wastewater treatment plant, the dredge area, and the solid waste storage area were marked with signs requiring PPE, but were not labeled with red banners as called for in the plan. In addition, the exclusion zones did not have controlled access through one point of entry as described in the plan, nor were the buffer zones established and demarcated with yellow banners. 

Solid wastes arc disposed of by two basic methods. The first is by some type of dumping or landfill procedure the second is by incinerating (burning) the waste. This section focuses on incinerators, namely the rotary kiln, liquid injection, fuidized-bed, and multiple-hearth dc ices, which are the four types... 

A green chemistry variation makes use of solventless conditions to minimize the waste stream from reactions of this type. To a mortar are added aldehyde 67, ketone 68 and solid sodium hydroxide. The mixture is ground and within 5 minutes aldol product 69 is produced. Addition of the second ketone and further grinding affords the 1,5-diketone 70, which can be isolated and cyclized to pyridine 71 with ammonium acetate. The authors report that this method can substantially reduce the solid waste (by over 29 times) and is about 600% more cost effective than previously published procedures. 

The submitters recommend collection of solid wastes in an appropriate solid waste container, and liquid wastes (filtrates containing thallium residues, etc.) in suitably labeled bottles or cans. For the disposal of thallium wastes, a commercial organization specializing in the disposal of toxic materials was employed. The submitters understand that the disposal procedure consists of burying thallium wastes in deep pits after covering with sand. 

Headspace analysis has also been used to determine trichloroethylene in water samples. High accuracy and excellent precision were reported when GC/ECD was used to analyze headspace gases over water (Dietz and Singley 1979). Direct injection of water into a portable GC suitable for field use employed an ultraviolet detector (Motwani et al. 1986). While detection was comparable to the more common methods (low ppb), recovery was very low. Solid waste leachates from sanitary landfills have been analyzed for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds (Schultz and Kjeldsen 1986). Detection limits for the procedure, which involves extraction with pentane followed by GC/MS analysis, are in the low-ppb and low-ppm ranges for concentrated and unconcentrated samples, respectively. Accuracy and precision data were not reported. 

As they are unconventional materials, foundry solid waste lacks documented procedures qualifying its substitution for conventional materials, which is a primary barrier in the reuse program. Necessary... 

Conventional structural design and construction procedures for a construction are generally applicable to a construction incorporating foundry solid wastes. The same production methods and equipment used for conventional manufacture can be used for production of manufacture using foundry solid waste. 

The facility would use a dry scrubber system for emission control, which would eliminate the need for wastewater treatment. Any water from emission control and from decontamination procedures would be treated in the on-site groundwater treatment system. The residual soil and collected ash is assumed to be nonhazardous and can be disposed of in a solid waste disposal facility in compliance with subtitle D of RCRA. In the event that they cannot be delisted due to the presence of metals, the residuals will be managed as part of the closure of Area 2 shown in Figure 16.21 (lead-contaminated soil). 

CONCENTRATED LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PROCEDURES... 

EPA. 1992d. Method 9013. Cyanide extraction procedure for solids and oils. Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods, SW-846. 3rd edition. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 

T.E. Myers, "A Simple Procedure for Acceptance Testing of Freshly Prepared Solidified Waste", Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing Fourth Symposium, ASTM STP 886, J.K. Petros, Jr., W.J. Lacy and R.A. Conway, eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Pheladelphia, P.A., 1986. 

DPE suits, and butyl rubber (NRC, 2001b). The levels were 0.0002 to 0.0008 ng/m3, three orders of magnitude below the EPA criterion of 0.2 ng/m3 for dioxin emissions from incinerators. In the test with neat GB, the product gas contained 0.01 to 0.06 percent phosphine. As noted previously in the section on methods development testing, phosphine can interfere with the measurement of GB. Based on results from the EPA s toxicity characteristic leachate procedure, stabilization would be necessary only for solid wastes derived from DPE suit material, because the cadmium and lead criteria were not met by the treated dunnage in some tests (NRC, 2001b). 

The environmental impact of the proposed GATS process appears to be minimal. All handling and processing of agent will be conducted indoors in sealed rooms that are vented through HEPA and carbon filters. Liquid and solid waste streams will be relatively small and manageable and will be subjected to hold-test-release procedures. 

There are four lists of hazardous wastes in the regulations wastes from nonspecific sources (F list), wastes from specific sources (K list), acutely toxic wastes (P list), and toxic wastes (U list) there are also the four characteristics mentioned before ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure toxicity. Certain waste materials are excluded from regulation under the RCRA. The various definitions and situations that allow waste to be exempted can be confusing and difficult to interpret. One such case is the interpretation of the mixture and derived-from rules. According to the mixture rule, mixtures of solid waste and listed hazardous wastes are, by definition, considered hazardous. Similarly, the derived-from rule defines solid waste resulting from the management of hazardous waste to be hazardous (40 CFR 261.3a and 40 CFR 261.1c). 

In 1974, federally recommended procedures were published under authority of the 1972 amendments of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) that addressed pesticide disposal (2). These recommendations identified an incinerator operating at 1000°C (1832°F) with 2-s retention time in the combustion zone as acceptable for destruction of organic pesticides. Other incinerators, such as those for municipal solid waste capable of effecting complete pesticide destruction, are also acceptable. During this same time frame, i.e., from the early 1970s to date, a number of research and demonstration studies have been conducted involving pesticide incineration. Most of these concern either the identification of incinerator... 

Figure 3 Proposed ecotoxicological procedure for assessment of solid waste toxicity and calculation of the classes of hazard.

The solid wastes that are RCRA hazardous wastes are those either listed in 40 CFR pt. 261, or exhibit one of the four characteristics [ignitabUity, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure (EP) toxicity] identified in Part 261 [a more stringent Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) replaced EP in 1986 (51 Federal Regulation 21,648 1986)]. Both the characteristics and the lists sweep many pesticides and pesticide wastes into the RCRA regulatory program. 

Mettler et al. found that their original procedure was not very convenient for large-scale production of the malonate intermediate 16. Safety precautions required to handle excess solid potassium cyanide were both difficult and expensive. To compound the problem even further, a large amount of Ti02-pyridine complex was generated in the first step of this process. This solid waste material required special purification treatment before its final disposal. 

A solid waste is considered hazardous if it is either a listed waste or a characteristic waste. Listed wastes include a list of specific processes that generate a waste and a list of discarded commercial chemical products. There are four hazardous waste characteristics ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The last refers to the leachability of a waste and the resultant toxicity in the groundwater using the analytical method referred to as toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A list of substances included under TCLP is shown in Table 1. 

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