Wastes disposal

Waste disposal forms an important aspect of laboratory management and utility. The cardinal objective, however, remains that waste material should not be allowed to accumulate in the premises of a chemical laboratory. Adequate periodical arrangement must be strictly adhered to with regard to the replacement of filled bins with the empty ones. From the practical point of view it has become almost necessary to store different t3q)es waste materials in separate labelled covered metallic bins positioned at convenient locations within the four-walls of the laboratory, such as  

All types of broken glasswares exclusively should be thrown into a covered metallic bin. A lot of inflammable materials, for instance paper, empty cartons, soiled tissue-papers, cloth pieces that may have been used to clean up inflammable liquids, used pieces of sponge, urethane-foam used as packing materials, used filter papers, empty card-board boxes, discarded rubber-tubings, plastic bags, cotton etc., must be stored into a separate bin. 

Toxic solid wastes should first be stored into a disposable thick plastic bags, sealed properly and then stored into a labelled dust bin. 

A lot of organic solvents are used in substantial quantum, and most of them are miscible with water and are highly inflammable. These should not be thrown into the sink but should be collected separately in different labelled containers. It is always advisable and also economical to redistill such solvents e.g., acetone, ethanol, benzene, methanol, ethyl acetate etc., for reuse as cleansing purposes only. However, the waste acids and alkalies must-be first neutralized and then poured down the sink followed by liberal flushing with tap water.  

Innocuous (i.e., harmless) waste solids e.g., paper, filter paper, cotton, tissue paper, blotting paper, used chromatographic paper, waxed paper, tom labels, file covers, brown-wrapping paper etc., must be stored separately into a labelled and covered metallic bin. 

CMP slurry is not particularly hazardous, especially compared to many other materials in a semiconductor fab. In some regions, it is not even (yet) considered a hazardous material. Nevertheless, as the sheer volume of use grows, waste treatment is becoming an issue for various regulatory, economic, or good citizen reasons including 

Dissolved metals, especially copper Hazardous waste minimization 

Oxide-polishing slurry Potassium hydroxide 1-3 (% by weight) 

In addition to solids, there are dissolved materials that are often overlooked, but fortunately fit nicely into conventional waste treatment schemes because they are ions commonly present from other fab process. They include  

A biological product refers to any material prepared and manufactured in accordance with certain regulations of the Department of Agriculture or the DHHS. A diagnostic specimen refers to any human or animal material being shipped for purposes of diagnosis. It includes but is not limited to excreta, secreta, blood, blood components, tissue, and tissue fluids (Table 8.12). 

All hazardous material employees must be trained in accordance with 49 CFR 172 

Training must address general awareness, function-specific, and safety rules 

Test each employee and maintain record of testing 

Retrain hazardous materials employees every two years 

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Reducing waste from feed impurities which undergo reaction. If feed impurities undergo reaction, this causes waste of feed material, products, or both. Avoiding such waste is most readily achieved by purifying the feed. Thus increased feed purification costs are traded off against reduced raw materials, product separation, and waste disposal costs (Fig. 10.2). 

Product quality specification Contractual agreements Capacity and availability Concurrent operations Monitoring and control Testing metering Standardisation Flaring and venting Waste disposal Utilities systems... 

Waste disposal is an aspect of the production process which must be considered at FDP stage. This should cover all effluent streams other than the useful product including... 

The efficiency of gas turbines is limited by the maximum allowable turbine inlet temperature (TIT). The TIT may be increased by cooling of the blades and vanes of the high pressure turbine. Cooling channels can be casted into the components or may be drilled afterwards. Non-conventional processes like EDM, ECD or Laser are used for drilling. Radiographic examination of the drilled components is part of the inspection procedure. Traditional X-Ray film technique has been used. The consumable costs, the waste disposal and the limited capacity of the two film units lead to the decision to investigate the alternative of Real-Time X-Ray. 

By introduction of Real-Time X-Ray the consumable costs and the waste disposal problems are reduced. The capacity of the system allowed an increase of production volume without the need for a investment for an additional film X-Ray unit which would have been needed otherwise. 

Solid-state welding Solid tantalum capacitors Solid waste disposal Soliton... 

Waste activated sludge Waste biomass Waste-derived fuels Waste disposal Waste-heat boiler... 

Reinforced furan resias have been used for many years in process piping and in underground sewer or waste-disposal systems. With a wide range in pH acceptability and good solvent resistance, furan piping has been a logical choice for many services. 

Costs of various waste disposal methods ate summarized in Table 5. 

Table 5. Estimated U.S. Processing Costs of Waste Disposal Method ...

Manufacture Various methods for the manufacture of acrylates are summarized in Figure 1, showing thek dependence on specific raw materials. For a route to be commercially attractive, the raw material costs and utilization must be low, plant investment and operating costs not excessive, and waste disposal charges minimal. 

Thorium, uranium, and plutonium are well known for their role as the basic fuels (or sources of fuel) for the release of nuclear energy (5). The importance of the remainder of the actinide group Hes at present, for the most part, in the realm of pure research, but a number of practical appHcations are also known (6). The actinides present a storage-life problem in nuclear waste disposal and consideration is being given to separation methods for their recovery prior to disposal (see Waste treati nt, hazardous waste Nuclear reactors, waste managet nt). 

Another factor potentially affecting the market for halogenated fire retardants is the waste disposal of plastics (see Wastes, industrial). As landfiU availabihty declines or becomes less popular, two alternatives are incineration and recycling (qv). The nature of the combustion products from halogenated products requires carefiil constmction and maintenance of incinerators (qv) to avoid damage to the incinerator itself and a pubHc health problem from the exhaust. The ease of recycling used products also has a potential effect on fire retardants. 

Formaldehyde—Alcohol Solutions. These solutions are blends of concentrated aqueous formaldehyde, the alcohol, and the hemiacetal. Methanol decreases the average molecular weight of formaldehyde oligomers by formation of lower molecular weight hemiacetals. These solutions are used to produce urea and melamine resins the alcohol can act as the resin solvent and as a reactant. The low water content can improve reactivity and reduce waste disposal and losses. Typical specifications for commercially available products are shown in Table 7 (117). 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

Municipal Solid Waste. In the eady 1990s, the need to dispose of municipal soHd waste (MSW) ia U.S. cities has created a biofuels industry because there is Htde or no other recourse (107). Landfills and garbage dumps are being phased out ia many communities. Combustion of MSW, ie, mass-bum systems, and RDF, ie, refuse-derived fuel, has become an estabhshed waste disposal—energy recovery industry. 

Liquefaction. Siace the 1970s attempts have been made to commercialize biomass pyrolysis for combiaed waste disposal—Hquid fuels production. None of these plants were ia use ia 1992 because of operating difficulties and economic factors only one type of biomass Hquefaction process, alcohohc fermentation for ethanol, is used commercially for the production of Hquid fuels. 

Factors which may affect the cost of coal upgrading are environmental considerations such as toxicity, hazardous waste disposal, and carcinogenic properties (131). These and other environmental problems from process streams, untreated wastewaters, and raw products would figure significantly into the cost of commercialization. 

Primary release procedures Waste disposal procedures Clean-up procedures... 

Services. These iaclude telephone system FAX machines mail moves deUveries tmcks and vehicle fleet management janitorial and housekeepiag services landscapiag and gardening water treatment and waste disposal reproduction, eg, copyiag machines, blue-line machines, and printing furniture control tool rental and maintenance and instmment rental and caUbration. 

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