Quantities of Solid Wastes

Quantities of Solid Wastes Representative data on the quantities of sohd wastes and factors affecting the generation rates are considered briefly in the following paragraphs. 

Solid Wastes and Biomass Large and increasing quantities of solid wastes are a significant feature of affluent societies. In the United States in 1993 the rate was about 1.8 kg (4 lb) per capita per day or nearly 190 Tg (2.07 X 10 U.S. tons) per year, but the growth rate has slowed in recent years as recycling efforts have increased. Table 27-4 shows that the composition of miscellaneous refuse is surprisingly uniform, but size and moisture variations cause major difficulties in efficient, economical disposal. 

Solid Wastes and Biomass The generation of large quantities of solid wastes is a significant feature of affluent societies. In the United... 

The polymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is known as Perspex. It is a clear transparent glasslike material with high hardness, resistance to fracture, and chemical stability. The conventional route, as shown by reaction 4.10, involves the reaction between acetone and hydrocyanic acid, followed by sequential hydrolysis, dehydration, and esterification. This process generates large quantities of solid wastes. An alternative route based on a homogeneous palladium catalyst has recently been developed by Shell. In this process a palladium complex catalyzes the reaction between propyne (methyl acetylene), methanol, and carbon monoxide. This is shown by reaction 4.11. The desired product is formed with a regioselectivity that could be as high as 99.95%. 

The quantity of solid waste generation should provide a sufficient load for maximum utilization of the size gasifier selected. 

This process is called scrubbing, and a disadvantage of it is the formation of huge quantities of solid waste (CaSOj, unreacted CaO, and by-products). 

Solid Waste Large quantities of solid waste are generated from the operation of fossil fuel plants. These wastes, predominantly combustion ashes, contain heavy... 

A dye component that is used frequently is H acid (l-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid). Production of this comparatively complex substitution pattern requires a series of different chemical reactions. The known side reactions and subsequent reactions on sulfonation and nitration of the naphthalene system and high-pressure hydrolysis of its substituents reduce the yield of the target product. If, as a consequence, intermediate isolations are unavoidable during the course of the process to prevent a gradual increase in the amount of by-products, additional product losses in mother and wash liquors will occur. Management of the often considerable quantities of solid waste and wastewater is therefore an important consideration in the production of H acid. 

Production of synthetic and processed materials is vital for the growth of modern societies. Such production results in the creation of large quantities of solid waste materials (SWMs). Many of these SWMs remain in the environment for long periods of time and cause waste disposal problems [1-3]. Existing landfills are reaching maximum capacity and new regulations have made the establishment of new landfills difficult. Disposal cost continues to increase while the number of accepted wastes at landfills continues to decrease [1]. 

The ammonolysis process is scheduled to reach commercial-scale operations in North America before the year 2000. Current recycling cost estimates give a material price that is 10-15 per cent higher than that of a normal PA production plant which would mean a material price of 5.5-5.75 SFr/kg. The total cost of the material will of course depend on the cost and quality of the feedstock. Large quantities of solid waste carmot be purged economically from the process. Fillers or modifiers would have to be removed from the feedstock before recycling to achieve high quality. 

The development of the plastic industry has generated a large quantity of solid waste, especially non-degradable waste. Plastics waste from industrial activities contains additives hence, the practice of segregating plastics waste reduces potential environmental, health and safety impacts, and ensures recycling facilities are cost-effective. The essential step involves cleaning and recycling. 

Table 10.1. Quantities of solid waste materials (FOrstner 1993, after Baccini and Bmnner 1991 Neumann-Malkau 1991)...

Until 1977, it used to be discharged as waste in India. But, discharging huge quantities of solid waste material involves cost. Consequently, since 1977, the use of gypsum for making ammonium sulphate fertilizer has been dispensed with in India and it has been replaced by this phosphogypsum. Its suitability has also been found in cement industry and for soilconditioning. 

Despite the intensive efforts of some countries to reduce the amounts of waste, the quantity of solid waste is significantly increasing within the European Unioa From 1995 to 2003 municipal waste generation in the European Union (EU 25) has con-stantfy grown by about 2% per year from 204 million tonnes (457 kg/person) in 1995 to 243 milhon tonnes (534kg/person) in 2003 (cf Fig. 1.2) [4],... 

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