Utilities solid wastes cost

The fuel value of most solid wastes is usually sufficient to enable self-supporting combustion, leaving only the incombustible residue and redlicing the volume of waste eventually consigned to sanitaiy landfills to only 10 to 15 percent of the original volume. The heat released by the combustion of waste can be recovered and utilized, although the cost of the recoveiy equipment or the distance to a suitable point of use for the heat may make its recoveiy economically infeasible. 

Cost of the enzyme production in solid substrate was estimated to be US 180 for 10 million units of crude pectinase. This price included the production of fungal spore inoculum. This production of pectinases from Rhizopus sp. 26R using agricultural wastes as solid substrates was one of the way to utilize agricultural wastes to value-added products and the cost of the enzyme production was very reductive. 

It should be noted that early remedial actions for contaminated soil consisted primarily of excavation and removal of the contaminated soil from the site and its disposal at a landfill. SARA strongly recommends on-site treatment that permanently and significantly reduces the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances, and utilizes cost-effective permanent solutions. The legislation prohibits land disposal of hazardous wastes unless U.S. EPA determines otherwise (as in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, HSWA). 

Utilize a trash compactor to reduce the volume of municipal trash shipped off-site, thereby reducing disposal costs. Miscellaneous solid waste 0a 0 12,810 15,000 1.2... 

A major application of these types of molded products would be for interior uses in automobiles, such as head liners, door panels, and dashboards. Although this is a low-cost, low-performance application, it represents a very laige-volume market. Indeed, wood is already utilized in applications of this type, but as a finely ground flour that serves as a filler (up to 40%) in extrusion-molded polyolefin products. The use of recycled fiber in this process and the one described above offers the potential of even greater cost reductions, combined with alleviation of solid waste disposable problems. 

A lower cost approach is to utilize the simplest reactor type, the downdraft gasifier, and tailor the fuel accordingly. A suitable fuel can be made by densifying the paper fraction of source separated solid waste to produce a densified refuse derived fuel (d-RDF), that has low moisture content, low ash content, and uniform grain size. 

Ultrasonic LSE is most applicable to the isolation of semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds from solid matrices such as soil, sediment, clays, sand, coal tar, and other related solid wastes. U-LSE is also very useful for the disruption of biological material such as serum or tissue. U-LSE can be coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) to give a very robust sample preparation method at relatively low cost in comparison to MAE and ASE approaches. The author has utilized U-LSE/SPE to isolate and recover 9,10-dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene from animal bedding. A 89% recovery was obtained for bedding that was spiked with this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of interest to toxicologists (20). An ultrasonic horn and tip are immersed into a mixture of liquid extractant and solid sample and sonicated at some percent of full power for a finite length of time, either continuously or pulsed. 

Allocated costs, Cgnoo nre included to provide or upgrade off-site utility plants (steam, electricity, cooling water, process water, boiler feed water, leMgeration, inert gas, fuels, etc.) and related facilities for liquid waste disposal, solids waste disposal, off-gas treatment, and wastewater treatment. Some typical capital investment costs for utility plants, estimated by Busche (1995), are shown in Table 16.12. Cogeneration plants can provide both steam and electricity by burning a fuel. When utilities, such as electricity, are purchased firom vendors at so many cents per kilowatt-hour, that cost includes the vendor investment cost. Thus, a capital cost for the plant is then not included in the capital cost estimate. 

A scheme to utilize cellulose as a renewable resource, developed by Prof. A.E, Humphrey, is shown in Figure 1. Cellulose from either crops or solid wastes can be converted into enzymes, proteins, sugar,alcohols and other biochemical products for food, energy or consumer products. The pretreatment of bagasse requisite for fermentation also adds to its cost as a potential substrate. It is concluded that direct fermentation of cellulose still is several years away. 

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