Solid waste disposal/recycling references

The four disposal options generally cited for intentional waste products are recycle, landfill, wastewater treatment facilities and composting. Unintentional solid waste is generally referred to as Titter . 

The term solid waste is a very comprehensive term that can be difficult to dehne precisely. The United States Code of Federal Regulations (Chapter 1, Part 261, of Title 40) provides the legal dehnition. That document dehnes solid wastes rather simply as "any discarded material that is not excluded by other provisions of the chapter. Those provisions refer primarily to liquid wastes, such as sludge and domestic wastewater. The U.S. Army provides a somewhat more detailed definition of the term "any garbage, refuse, sludge, or other discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, institutional, and residential activity. Discarded materials include those that are disposed of, abandoned, recycled, or are inherently waste-like. ... 

Information provided in Part III. Section 8. of Form R is optional. In this section, you may identify waste minimization efforts relating to the reported toxic chemical. Waste minimization reduces the amount of the toxic chemicai in wastes by reducing waste generation or by recycling. This can be accomplished by equipment changes, process modifications, product reformulation, chemical substitutions, or other techniques. Waste minimization refers exclusively to practices which prevent the generation of wastes. Treatment or disposal does not minimize waste and should not be reported In this section. Recycling or reuse of a toxic chemical is considered waste minimization. Waste minimization applies to air emissions and wastewater, as well as to liquid or solid mate-... 

Fig. 1. Schematic flowsheet of uranium processing (acid leach and ion exchange) operation. Numbers refer to the numbers that appear in the boxes on the flowsheet. Operations (3), (6), (9), and (11) may be done by thickening or filtration. Most often, thickeners are used, followed by filters. The pH of the leach slurry <4) is elevated to reduce its corrosive effect and to improve the ion-exchange operation on the uranium liquor subsequently separated, In tile ion exchange operation (7), resin contained in closed columns is alternately loaded with uranium and then eluted. The resin adsorbs the complex anions, such as UC fSO 4-. in which the uranium is present in the leach solution. Ammonium nitrate is nsed for elution, obtained by recycling the uranium filtrate liquor after pH adjustment. Iron adsoibed with the uranium is eluted with it. Iron separation operation (8) is needed inasmuch as the iron hydroxide slurry is heavily contaminated with calcium sulfate and coprecipitated uranium salts. Therefore, the slurry is recycled to the watering stage (3). Washed solids from 1,6). the waste barren liquor from (7), and the uranium filtrate from (11) are combined. The pH is elevated to 7.5 by adding lime slurry before the mixture is pumped to the tailings disposal area. (Rio Algom Mines Limited, Toronto)...

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