Solid wastes problem

AlUiough Uiis act was directed toward tlie research and development of technologies to deal with the solid waste problem, it resembled the other laws discussed in this section in that it was not concerned with emergency plaiuiing and response,... 

Besides all the gaseous and liquid wastes of transportation that result from energy use, and the loss of natural environment to roadv ays, there is also the solid-waste problem of disposal— vehicles and components such as tires and batteries. Responding to the growing disposal problem, many manufacturers are building automobiles that contain far more recyclable parts. 

With new plastics and processing techniques always becoming available, the design challenge becomes easier, even when taking today s solid-waste problem into account. Today s plastics and processes allow designers to incorporate and interrelate all the aspects of success. In products such as electronics, medical devices, transportation controls, and many others where user-friendly design is required, it has to be obvious to all that plastics play an important role. 

In addition to the solid waste problem, we can also expect that with expanding population or expanding demands of a static population, there will be societal pressure to reduce material usage over and above cost factors. These pressures could result in legislation to expand the environmental protection philosophy. For example, since plant materials are a renewable resource as well as readily recyclable, we may expect forced increases in paper-based packages. 

If markets for char cannot be developed, the char becomes a major solid waste problem. Analysis of char from the pyrolysis of scrap tires does not indicate a problem with hazardous materials.4 However if it must be disposed of in a landfill, the char should be collected in plastic bags and shipped and disposed of in steel drums to prevent additional fugitive emissions during transportation and disposal. 

Research on solvent based polymer separation processes is by no means in its infancy. One of Ae first studies on mixed plastics was conducted by Sperber and Rosen [24,25] in the mid 1970 s. These investigators used a blend of xylene and cyclohexanone to separate a mixture of polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), high density polyethylene (HOPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP) into three separate phases. In adAtion, many United States and foreign patents dating from the 1970 s were granted for the solvent recovery of thermoplastic jwlymers [26-30]. The interest in solvent processes waned in the late 1970 s as the oil crisis eased, but the growing need to develop solutions to Ae solid waste problem has renewed Ae research effort [31-33]. 

To evaluate the oxygen option in the treatment of solid waste it is essential to examine the nature of the solid waste problem and assess the use of oxygen in advanced waste treatment processes. This... 

It is now January 1993, and the public is perceiving that the United States is burying itself in solid waste materials. ConAgra, Inc., has approached DuPont with a proposal for a joint venture to produce lactic acid for conversion to biodegradable polylactide plastics to be used in packaging and other markets that might help to alleviate the solid waste problem. 

Therefore, there is a considerable interest in replacing some or all of the synthetic plastics by natural or biodegradable materials in many applications. Since the food industry uses many plastics, even a small reduction in the amount of materials used for each package would result in a significant polymer reduction, and may improve solid waste problems [10]. It is clear that the use of biodegradable polymers for packaging offers an alternative and partial solution to the problem of gathering of solid waste composed of synthetic inert polymers [11]. 

Bioprocessing. A problem associated with chemicals-through-fermentation is feedback inhibition by the product, which, of course, leads to decreased yields. Unfortunately, the concentration at which the final product is inhibitory typically is extremely dilute relative to standard organic chemical synthesis techniques. If the chemical is an organic acid, the common purification practice has been to precipitate the acid with added salt, which leads to an enormous salt waste problem. Though not toxic per se, its sheer mass creates a solid waste problem that is unacceptable. 

Generally, one can say that material recycling is a necessary way to reduce the municipal solid waste problem. This paper shows a concept of integrated steps required to make recycling happen. The special problems of PVG recycling will be presented and illustrated by a number of practical examples. 

Mitigation of the solid-waste problem by conversion into clean fuel... 

THE SOLID-WASTE PROBLEM AND PRODUCT-DESIGN SOLUTIONS... 

Design-Integrated Manufacturing Solves Solid-Waste Problem. Plastics World, pp. 13-14, Feb. 1990. 

J0rgensen, S. E. 2000. Principles of Pollution Abatement Pollution Abatement for the 21st Century. New York/Amsterdam Elsevier. This is a revised and expanded version of the 1988 Principles of Environmental Science by the same author. Contents include mass conservation, energy conservation, risks and effects, water and wastewater problems, solid waste problems, and air pollution problems. The work features new tools such as ecotech-nology, cleaner technology, life-cycle analysis, and new environmental management techniques by changes in products and production methods. 

Assessment of Solid Waste Problems Practices and Needsj Washington, D.C., May, 1969. 

This process includes the recovery of energy content only. Most plastic waste has a high heat content so can be incinerated the generation of heat energy is the only advantage of this process. The solid waste problem is not solved by this process in fact it leads to the issue of air pollution. 

Biodegradable polymers have the potential to be the solution to a range of environmental concerns associated with conventional, non-degradable polymers. Of primary concern is the solid waste problem associated with the decreasing availability of landfills around the world. Other concerns include the benefits of sustainable or renewable raw material sources rather than petrochemical sources and the issue of global warming caused by increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 

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