Performances costs

The mathematical form of the PEF is in almost every case a compromise between speed and accuracy. As computer power continually increases, ideally following Moore s Law, and the cost/performance ratio is getting better, one might think that there is no longer a need to sacrifice accuracy to save computational time. This is not really true, because in direct proportion to the CPU speed is the rise in the scientists interest in calculating larger and larger molecules (in fact, their interest always rises faster than the CPU speed). 

Because branched ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons are used for their cost/performance benefits, they became the solvents of choice for many apphcations. Numerous solvent systems had to be reformulated to comply with Rule 66. This usually meant an increase in cost, sometimes accompanied by performance degradation. Rule 66-type regulations were adopted in many other states and cities as well. Federal specifications for coatings and many other solvent-containing materials also incorporate Rule 66 requirements. 

Polyester polyols are based on saturated aHphatic or aromatic carboxyHc acids and diols or mixtures of diols. The carboxyHc acid of choice is adipic acid (qv) because of its favorable cost/performance ratio. For elastomers, linear polyester polyols of ca 2000 mol wt are preferred. Branched polyester polyols, formulated from higher functional glycols, are used for foam and coatings appHcations. Phthalates and terephthalates are also used. 

The search for asbestos replacement materials is obviously an ongoing process and further developments in this area are to be expected. The extent of substitution of asbestos fibers by other fibers or other materials has been limited by several factors, typically the availabiHty of adequate replacement materials, the cost performance ratio of such materials, and the uncertainty of long-term health risks of these replacement materials. From the data currendy available, it may be estimated that between 10—20% of the industrial consumption of asbestos fibers was diverted to other materials during the 1980s. 

Thermoplastic composites can be classified according to use, cost, performance, or processing methods. In the following discussion of the chemistry of the resin systems utilized in composites, three classes are considered ... 

The anion used to prepare the metal soap determines to a large extent whether it will meet fundamental requirements, which can be summed up as follows solubihty and stabiUty ia various kiads of vehicles (this excludes the use of short-chain acids) good storage stabiUty low viscosity, making handling the material easier optimal catalytic effect and best cost/performance ratio. 

The evaluation of existing systems and the most recent audit reports provide a baseline for efficiency and cost performance from which any improvements can be measured. Historical performance will provide a baseline for end-of-pipe improvements. The measurement system itself will measure improvement the initial record of performance provides a baseline... 

PBAs are designed explicitly to meet the needs of specific applications on the basis of their property-processing-cost performances. One polymer is incorporated into the matrix of other polymers to impart specific characteristics as per the requirement along with the appropriate compatibilizer to ensure stress transfer in between phases. The polymer blend constituents and composition must, therefore, be selected on the basis of the compensation of properties, considering the advantages and disadvantages associated with each phase. Table 12 indicates some of the components used as modifiers. 

Bearing type Advantages Cost/ Performance AppJicafions... 

A considerable range of different toppings is available for heavy-duty service. The correct selection of the most appropriate topping on a cost/performance basis can only be made if service conditions are very clearly defined. In general, heavy-duty toppings require a sound (preferably 35N/mm strength) concrete substrate. 

Table 6-11 Examples of alloying to provided cost-performance improvements...

Finally, repeat the first four steps, but this time use the small numbers on the selector chart and only for the plastic group that was found to be the best. The plastic with the lowest final total will be the best for the application on a cost-performance basis. 

In order to fabricate a cost-performance effective molded product and understand potential problems vs. solutions, it is helpful to consider the relationships of machine-to-... 

For over a century plastics have successfully competed with other materials in old and new applications providing cost-performance advantages, etc. In fact within the plastic industry there is extensive competition where one plastic competes with another plastic. Examples include many such as thermoplastic elastomers vs. thermoset... 

Maximizing product cost performance with flexible production procedures... 

The cost/performance factor of individual surfactants will always be considered in determining which surfactants are blended in a mixed active formulation. However, with the recent advent of compact powders and concentrated liquids, other factors, such as processing, density, powder flowability, water content, stabilization of additives, dispersibility in nonaqueous solvents, dispersion of builders, and liquid crystalline phase behavior, have become important in determining the selection of individual surfactants. 

The introduction of concentrated laundry detergent powders in Japan during 1986-1987 produced a substantial increase in the consumption of LAB in the subsequent 3-4 years as the market changed from low-density, spray-dried powders to the concentrated (compact) products. In these products, which may contain up to 40% surfactant, the cost/performance advantages of LAS are of significance. In addition, LAB sulfonic acid is well suited for the production of high-active, high-density (about 1.0 g/cm3) laundry powders by routes other... 

The use of AOS in toiletries and personal care products has now been established. In India, for example, AOS has been used by leading toilet soap manufacturers with clear performance benefits, especially in hard water-sensitive areas. Combo bars, where part of the usual fatty acid soap is replaced by synthetic AOS as shown in Table 29, seem to be especially attractive from a cost/performance point of view. 

Croezen and Sas (a.4) have published an extensive LCA for treatment of MPW with the Texaco process. There is a detailed discussion on inputs and emissions there. No specific problems with emissions control were mentioned by these authors. As for cost performance, detailed data of the cost structure have not been made public. The general figure circulating for the likely gate fee of the Texaco process is 90 to 135 per tonne for a 50 ktonne/year plant, decreasing to 50/tonne for a 200 ktonne/year plant. 

A route to compatibility involving ionomers has been described recently by Eisenberg and coworkers [250-252]. The use of ionic interactions between different polymer chains to produce new materials has gained tremendous importance. Choudhury et al. [60] reported compatibilization of NR-polyolefin blends with the use of ionomers (S-EPDM). Blending with thermoplastics and elastomers could enhance the properties of MPR. The compatibility of copolyester TPE, TPU, flexible PVC, with MPR in aU proportions, enables one to blend any combination of these plastics with MPR to cost performance balance. Myrick has reported on the effect of blending MPR with various combinations and proportions of these plastics and provided a general guideline for property enhancement [253]. 

The use of renewable resources for manufacturing specific performance and speciality chemicals, and for fibres to replace synthetic ones, is growing. The driver for this is improved cost/performance. In order to have a major impact on the amount of oil and gas used there is a need to convert biomass into new, large-scale basic feedstocks such as synthesis gas or methanol. Many technical developments in separation science as well as improvements in the overall yield of chemicals are required before renewable feedstocks can compete effectively with oil and gas, but the gap will continue to narrow. 

Chemiefabrik in der Grojie eines Chips, Handdsblatt, May 1996 Vision of shoe box-sized micro reactors plant cells as model for micro-reactor development cost, performance, and safety advantages LIGA process numbering-up safety processing of hazardous substances [237]. 

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