Metals non-ferrous

This automatic velocity measurement method (AUTO-V) has also been suecessfijlly applied to other materials sueh as non-ferrous metals and even eeramics and plasties. The only requirement for this type of sequential velocity and thickness measurement is a certain isotropy of the material materials having anisotropie properties will lead to incorrect thickness readings due to the velocity difference in the two orthogonal directions. 

A. E. Richards, Symposium on Ref ning Non-Ferrous Metals, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1950, pp. 73—118. 

Air Quality Criteria forTead Supplement to the 1986 Addendum, U.S. EPA, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Washington, D.C., 1990. Technical Support Document to Proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Emissions of Toxic Metalsfrom Non-Ferrous Metal Melting, State of California Air Resources Board, Stationary Source Division, Sacramento, Calif., 1992. 

T. Z. REzynsH, International Conference on WeldingandFabrication of Non-Ferrous Metals,Eastbourne, Maj 2 andMaj 3, 1972, Cambridge, U.K, The Welding Institute, 1972. 

C. H. Mathewson, ed.. Modem Use of Non-Ferrous Metals, 2nd ed., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, 1953. 

Standardized techniques atomic absorption (AAA) and photometric (FMA) of the analysis and designed by us a technique X-Ray fluorescence of the analysis (XRF) for metals definition in air of cities and the working areas of plants to production of non-ferrous metals are applied. The samples of aerosols were collected on cellulose (AFA-HA) and perchlorovinyl (AFA-VP and FPP) filters (Russia). The techniques AAA and FMA include a stage of an acid-temperature ashing of a loaded filter or selective extraction of defined elements from filter by approaching dissolvent. At XRF loaded filters were specimens. 

The painting procedure for other metal surfaces, although similar, the process of pre-treatment for cast iron components or non-ferrous metals, such as aluminium and copper, may need more care. The process of pre-treatment in such cases may vary slightly than for MS, as noted below. Such surfaces may require a change in the type of chemicals, their concentration and duration of treatment. The final surface preparation and painting procedure, however, will remain the same for all. 

Emulsion cleaners These are emulsified chlorinated solvents and are kerosene based, suitable for mineral oils (petroleum and heavy petroleum greases) and deep-drawn components, using lead compounds as lubricants. They are also suitable for non-ferrous metals. 

Nickel and its alloys form another important class of non-ferrous metals (Table 1.3). The superb creep resistance of the nickel-based superalloys is a key factor in designing the modern gas-turbine aero-engine. But nickel alloys even appear in a model steam engine. The flat plates in the firebox must be stayed together to resist the internal steam pressure (see Fig. 1.3). Some model-builders make these stays from pieces of monel rod because it is much stronger than copper, takes threads much better and is very corrosion resistant. 

Processes giving off dust or fume in which non-ferrous metal castings are produced 6 months... 

The SIC code of the battery plant is 3691 (storage batteries) the SIC code for the smelter is 3341 (secondary smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals). A lead oxide production plant located adjacent to the battery plant, on the same property, also falls under SIC code 3691. 

Gleekman, L. W. Trends in Materials Application-Non-Ferrous Metals, Chem. Eng. Casebook, 111-118 (October 12, 1970). 

The huge difference in scale between the production of A1 metal, on the one hand, and the other elements in the group is clear from the preceding section. The tremendous growth of the A1 industry compared with all other non-ferrous metals is indicated in Table 7.3 and A1 production is now exceeded only by that of iron and steel (p. 1072). 

Table 7.3 World production of some non-ferrous metals/million tonnes pa...

Most silver is nowadays produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and zinc, when... 

B) Property at risk heavy/bulk non-ferrous metal... 

Because systems are normally not designed for use with this type of fluid, certain aspects should be reviewed with the equipment and fluid suppliers before a decision to use such fluids can be taken. These are compatibility with filters, seals, gaskets, hoses, paints and any non-ferrous metals used in the equipment. Condensation corrosion effect on ferrous metals, fluid-mixing equipment needed, control of microbial infection together with overall maintaining and control of fluid dilution and the disposal of waste fluid must also be considered. Provided such attention is paid to these designs and operating features, the cost reductions have proved very beneficial to the overall plant cost effectiveness. 

For some non-ferrous metals (copper, lead, nickel) the attack by sulphuric acid is probably direct with the formation of sulphates. Lead sulphate is barely soluble and gives good protection. Nickel and copper sulphates are deliquescent but are gradually converted (if not leached away) into insoluble basic sulphates, e.g. Cu Cu(OH)2)3SO4, and the metals are thus protected after a period of active corrosion. For zinc and cadmium the sulphur acids probably act by dissolution of the protective basic carbonate film. This reforms, consuming metal in the process, redissolves, and so on. Zinc and cadmium sulphates are formed in polluted winter conditions whereas in the purer atmospheres of the summer the corrosion products include considerable amounts of oxide and basic carbonate. ... 

Thus for non-ferrous metals, SO is consumed in the corrosion reactions whereas in the rusting of iron and steel it is believed that ferrous sulphate is hydrolysed to form oxides and that the sulphuric acid is regenerated. Sulphur dioxide thus acts as a catalyst such that one SOj" ion can catalyse the dissolution of more than 100 atoms of iron before it is removed by leaching, spalling of rust or the formation of basic sulphate. These reactions can be summarised as follows ... 

Many of the common non-ferrous metals corrode relatively slowly in still or slowly-moving sea water. Typical figures are given in Table 2.18. 

Table 2.18 Corrosion rates of non-ferrous metals and alloys in sea water...

The effect of alloying additions on the marine corrosion properties of non-ferrous metals can be very significant, and for copper-based alloys has been comprehensively reviewed by Bradley... 

The general indication of the results in this table is that the corrosion rates of non-ferrous metals increase with depth in spite of lower temperatures and lower oxygen concentrations than at the surface. It was noted in the paper by Kirk that the results at depth were typical of the variation of performance of these materials experienced on numerous occasions in surface sea water. A notable exception was for aluminium alloys of the 5000 (Al-Mg) and 6000 (Al-Mg-Si) series which had good resistance to corrosion... 

With stainless steels optimum resistance is dependent on aeration, and due account must be taken of this in considering operating conditions where previous experience has been with non-ferrous alloys which require an absence of oxygen for full resistance. There is therefore no need to run off the early distillate from a batch to avoid impurity during initial de-aeration. On the other hand, complete exclusion of oxygen for the benefit of non-ferrous metals in a mixed plant have very serious consequences for the stainless steel, and this must be kept in mind at the design stage. 

Symposium on Atmospheric Corrosion of Non-Ferrous Metals, Amer. Soc. Test. Mat., 58th Annual Meeting, June 29 (1955). Spec. Tech. Publn. No. 175, 141-158... 

Table 4.12 Soil-corrosion tests on copper by National Bureau of Standards and British Non-ferrous Metals Research Association...

The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association carried out two series of tests, the results of which have been given by Gilbert and Gilbert and Porter these are summarised in Table 4.12. In the first series tough pitch copper tubes were exposed at seven sites for periods of up to 10 years. The two most corrosive soils were a wet acid peat (pH 4-2) and a moist acid clay (pH 4-6). In these two soils there was no evidence that the rate of corrosion was decreasing with duration of exposure. In the second series phosphorus-deoxidised copper tube and sheet was exposed at five sites for five years. Severe corrosion occurred only in cinders (pH 7 1). In these tests sulphides were found in the corrosion products on some specimens and the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria at some sites was proved. It is not clear, however, to what extent the activity of these bacteria is a factor accelerating corrosion of copper. 

May" remained associated with the research when it was transferred to the auspices of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association in 1930. A history of condenser tubes up to 1950 has been published ". ... 

Cairns, J. H. and Gilbert, P. T., The Technology of Heavy Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys, Butterworths, London (1967)... 

In addition to nickel alloys, nickel also forms an important alloying element in stainless steels and in cast irons, in both of which it confers additional corrosion resistance and improved mechanical and engineering properties, and in Fe-Ni alloys for obtaining controlled physical and magnetic properties (see Chapter 3). With non-ferrous metals nickel also forms important types of alloys, especially with copper, i.e. cupro-nickels and nickel silvers these are dealt with in Section 4.2. 

Formerly of The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association and International Nickel Limited... 

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