Simulated solid waste

Both preformed and in situ ferrite lowered plutonium concentrations in simulated process waste from 10-4 g/1 to 10-8 g/1 in one treatment step. Two or three flocculant precipitations, as currently used for waste processing, were required to achieve the same result. Ferrite waste treatment produced 4.1 g/1 solids, while production waste processing during the past year, using the flocculant process, produced 7.9 g/1 solids. 

Schroeder, P.R. and Gibson, A.C., Supporting Documentation for the Hydrologic Simulation Model for Estimating Percolation at Solid Waste Disposal Sites (HSSWDS), Draft Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1982. 

Changkook R., Donghorn S., and Sangmin C., Simulation of Waste Bed Combustion in the Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator , in the second Inti. 

Ahmed S., Kumar R , and Helt J.E., Computer Simulation of a Municipal Solid Waste Combustor , JAPCA.39, 1328-1333(1989). 

The experimental technique devised in this work is based on a NAA method. Neutron irradiation of solid waste forms of simulated HLW (see Table II) produces activation of the elements in the sample. The activation products can be readily measured before and after leaching by radiochemical and/or instrumental techniques. In order to be useful for these purposes, the activation product must have a sufficiently energetic and abundant radiation (either 6 or y) to be easily detected, as well as a sufficiently long half-life several days or more) to be useful for relatively... 

Water used in the experiments was doubly distilled and passed through an ion exchange unit. The conductivity was approximately 1 x 10"6 S/m. Simulated HLLW consisted of 21 metal nitrates in an aqueous 1.6 M nitric acid solution as shown in Table 1 and was supplied by EBARA Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Concentrations were verified by AA for Na and Cs with 1000 1 dilution and by ICP for the other elements with 100 1 dilution. Total metal ion concentration was 98,393 ppm. The experimental apparatus consisted of nominal 9.2 cm3 batch reactors (O.D. 12.7 mm, I.D. 8.5 mm) constructed of 316 stainless steel with an internal K-type thermocouple for temperature measurement. Heating of each reactor was accomplished with a 50%NaNO2 + 50% KNO 2 salt bath that was stirred to insure uniform temperature. Temperature in the bath did not vary more than 1 K. The reactors were loaded with the simulated HLLW waste at atmospheric conditions according to an approximate calculated pressure. Each reactor was then immersed in the salt bath for 2 min -24 hours. After a predetermined time, the reactor was removed from the bath and quenched in a 293 K water bath. The reactor was opened and the contents were passed through a 0.1 pm nitro-ceflulose filter while diluting with water. Analysis of the liquid was performed with methods in Table 1. Analysis of filtered solids were carried out with X-ray diffraction with a CuK a beam and Ni filter. Reaction time was defined as the time that the sample spent at the desired temperature. Typical cumulative heat-up and cool-down time was on the order of one minute. Results of this work are reported in terms of recoveries as defined by ... 

Joyce, J.R, Sato, C., Cardenas, R., and SurampaUi, R.Y. 1998. Composting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in simulated municipal solid waste. Water Environment Research, 70 356-61. 

For fuels with a high content of volatile matter, the gas combustion downstream of the bed is crucial for emission control. The fuel bed is the Drst stage in the combustion process and generates the conditions for the latter part. A review of available literature on the experimental simulation of solid fuels confirms that the knowledge of coal combustion is more detailed than that of biomass and municipal solid waste. The knowledge of biomass gasification devices today is extensive however, sec for example La... 

Fernandez, A., Sanchez, A., and Font, X. (2005). Anaerobic co-digestion of a simulated organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and fats of animal and vegetable origin. 

The concentrations of mercury in the landfill gas were estimated with the aid of a simulation program EandGEM that was developed by the office of Research and Development United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Land GEM is based on a fust-order decomposition rate equation for quantifying emissions from the decomposition of landfilled waste in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The software provides a relatively simple approach to estimating landfill gas emissions. Model defaults are based on empirical data from US landfills. Field test data can also be used in place of model defaults when available. This software was also useful to forecast the future levels of mercury generation from LEG. 

US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2005). RituaUstic use of mercury simulation A preliminary investigation of metallic mercury vapor fate and transport in a trailer. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC, EPA/540/-04/006. 

The D20.96 Committee of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) worked intensively on test methods for water-insoluble polymers and plastic materials [38,39]. Since 1993, five standards for biodegradation of plastic materials in various conditions have been published (Table 2), and other test methods with different environments are nearing completion [39], i.e., anaerobic high-solid digestor and anaerobic accelerated landfill to simulate the fate of a material during solid waste management. Other experimental methods need to be developed for freshwater and simulated marine conditions. 

The Cemflame 3 Consortium experiments were concentrated on three different main solid fuels (petcoke. Medium Volatite Bituminous (MVB), and High Volatile Bituminous (HVB) coals) and several alternative fuels (such as sewage sludge, plastics, shredded tires, agglomerates from separation of municipal solid waste, etc.). In total more then 240 flames were measured in a cement kiln simulator and fuel studies were executed in the isothermal plug flow reactor. 

Although the liquid fraction was not collected in the experiments while feeding coal or sawdust, a liquid fraction and a char fraction were collected while pyrolyzing a municipal solid waste mixture. The liquid fraction represented 7.0% and the char fraction was 13.5% (moisture and ash-free weight basis) of the inlet solid feed. This contrasts with the data reported by Sanner et al. (9) who destructively distilled a municipal refuse in a retort constructed to simulate a coke oven process. They found that a 900 °C, the liquid fraction from the refuse was about 47% and the char fraction was close to 9%. The equipment used by Sanner and co-workers allowed the effluent gases to be cooled immedi-... 

D5512-94 Standard practice for exposing plastics to a simulated compost environment using an externally heated reactor. D6003-96 Standard test method for determining weight loss from plastic materials exposed to a simulated municipal solid waste (MSW) aerobic compost environment. 

Buivid, M.G. (1980) Laboratory simulation of fuel gas enhancement from municipal solid waste landfills. Dynatec R D Co., Cambridge, MA. 

Experimental work on new partitioning techniques is performed in the fiiamework of two projects. The first one has the objective to develop processes for the separation of minor actinides from very acidic aqueous solutions containing high level waste without the generation of secondary solid waste. In the second one, extractants selective to strontium, actinides -I- lanthanides, and actinides only such as calixarene and crown ether derivatives will be synthesised. The extracting properties of these compounds will be determined experimentally and modelled with molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. 

Agdag ON, Sponza DT (2007) Co-digestion of mixed industrial sludge with municipal solid wastes in anaerobic simulated landfilling bioreactors. J Hazard Mater 140 75-85... 

The SCM approach was used to describe the siuface properties and prediction of heavy-metal adsorption on natural aquatic sediment [79]. All of the model parameters were determined from experimental data of potentiometric titration and metal Cu and Cd adsorption isotherm Results showed that all three typical versions (CCM, DLM and TLM) of SCMs can simulate the experimental data very well and provide an acceptable prediction for heavy-metal adsorption to natural sediments. The heavy-metal (Mo, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) contaminant leaching from weathered municipal solid waste was successfully modeled by DLM [80]. The leaching of Mo, Pb, and Cu from the weathered ash was well deseribed by surface complexation, whereas the precipitation of formed Zn-hydroxy species had to take into consideration to describe the leaehing data of Zn. 

Natural Soil Burial Test and Simulated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Aerobic Compost Test... 

Table 15.2 Constituents of simulated municipal solid waste (MSW) aerobic compost soil.

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