Urban solid waste

The decomposition of solid urban waste in landfills is essentially a result of microbiological processes and, therefore, the production of biogas and leachate are both directly related to the activity of microorganisms. It has been demonstrated that large variations in leachate quality exist for different landfills, but also at different locations within the same landfill.6... 

The Cantagalo Waste Separation and Composting Center receives an average of 280 tonnes of solid urban waste per month, besides Class 2A residues (according to the NBR 1004/2004 standard), the latter wastes generated by factories [1],... 

The coincineration of solid urban waste in Brazil has received a good deal of study to harmonize the process with the existing technology at the country s cement plants, which are located in many states (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Parana, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Ceara, and Piaui). 

There are basically two types of municipal waste that offer opportunities for combined waste disposal and energy recovery—municipal solid waste (MSW, urban refuse, garbage) and biosolids (sewage, sludge). Each has its own distinctive set of characteristics as a biomass energy resource. 

Leachates are produced by percolation of rain water through a solid matrix, such as solid wastes from urban or industrial landfills, or polluted soils, for example (Fig. 1). Leachates are highly polluted solutions (or suspensions) characterised by a high salinity and organic content. Consequently, they are rather complex to study or analyse, as huge interferences may occur and affect results. 

The sanitary landfill process was developed to provide a means of disposal of wastes, particularly urban refuse and industrial solid wastes, in a manner that will not pollute the environment. In simple terms, this is accomplished by sealing the wastes to prevent interaction with the environment. Soil with low permeability provides the seal. The integrity of the seal is dependent upon the quality of the landfill operation, especially the cover soil compaction requirements. In a well-designed landfill, the movement of moisture and gas into or out of the interior of the landfill is significantly restricted to create a relatively closed environment for the wastes. 

The stability of recycled PP was not significantly altered by the addition of small amormts of additives. Therefore, as the thermal properties of the blends did not significantly change, the improvement in mechanical and impact properties as well as the increase in value of a solid urban waste made the blending economically viable. This is also the reason for using... 

Hoomweg, D. Bhada-Tata, P. 2012. What a waste a global review of solid waste management. Urban development series knowledge papers no. 15. Washington, DC World Bank. (http //documents. worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/03/16537275/waste-globaI-review-solid-waste-management). 

Finally, the recovery of heating values and possibly certain chemicals from solid urban wastes is a problem being forced upon us by both environmental and economic considerations. The combustion and pyrolysis kinetics of solid wastes provide one of the major challenges facing research workers in the gas-solid reaction field. 

Health-related institutions again show the future trend in a microcosm. Suitable incineration facilities may determine the ability of such institutions to function effectively in an urban environment. When adequate processes for solid waste and air pollution control by incineration are developed, the use of combustible, one-way trip disposables for all incoming materials can be expected to accelerate. This will result in a decrease in the need for a direct fuel supply. 

Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Calamari D, Fanelli R, Zuccato E (2005) A multiresidue analytical method using solid-phase extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic classes in urban waste-waters. J Chromatogr A 1092 206-215... 

Figures are given for annual waste production in the Paris area and its composition is outlined. Many of the Paris area cities joined with Paris to create a solid wastes metropolitan authority for domestic waste treatment (SYCTOM). Three incineration plants bum 75% of the SYCTOM area solid wastes and the energy produced provides 43% of the energy consumed by the Paris urban heating network. Landfill is now expensive. There has been a reduction in the number of sites and French legislation prohibits landfill disposal of untreated solid wastes after 2002. A sorting unit at the landfill site was due to open in 1993 and another unit was planned for one of the incineration plants.

Keywords Coprocessing, Recycling, Urban solid waste management, Waste incineration, Waste-to-energy... 

Project Report (2008) Model design and deploy at pilot scale of the separation, collection and treatment of municipal solid waste for new urban zone. Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency (VEPA), Vietnam... 

A great effort has also been realized to identify the physicochemical parameters that favor the elimination of numerous molecules. Partitioning of pollutants between liquid and solid phases of wastes (urban or animal), biological aerobic... 

Agricultural wastes are disperse in character and of small total volume, and are best utilized on the farm. Municipal solid waste constitutes a disposal problem (12-20 million tonnes per year in Canada), thereby providing an incentive for its use. On the other hand, its heterogeneity (70-80% organic content) and availability in useful quantities only in large urban centres are disadvantages. 

Municipal solid waste differs from wood biomass in that it has a negative cost. In urban centres of Canada, waste is land-filled at a cost of about 6 to 8 per tonne. While valuable inorganics such as glass and aluminum can be recovered, the costs of separation are high, and technologies are still developing. 

With waste accumulating at the rate of about 1.6 kilograms per capita per day, a need exists to reduce this bulk. However, suitable quantities of municipal solid waste for fuel conversion are available only in large urban centres. 

Cresols have been identified as components of automobile exhaust (Hampton et al. 1982 Johnson et al. 1989 Seizinger and Dimitriades 1972), and may volatilize from gasoline and diesel fuels used to power motor vehicles. Vehicular traffic in urban and suburban settings provides a constant source of cresols to the atmosphere. Hence, urban and suburban populations may be constantly exposed to atmospheric cresols. Cresols are also emitted to ambient air during the combustion of coal (Junk and Ford 1980), wood (Hawthorne et al. 1988, 1989), municipal solid waste (James et al. 1984 Junk and Ford 1980), and cigarettes (Arrendale et al. 1982 Novotny et al. 1982). Therefore, residents near coal- and petroleum-fueled electricity- generating facilities, municipal solid waste incinerators, and industries with conventional furnace operations or large-scale incinerators may be exposed to cresols in air. People in residential areas where homes are heated with coal, oil, or wood may also be exposed to cresols in air. 

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