Solid-waste management

Solid waste generation is an inevitable consequence of production and consumption activities related to the level of income of a population and degree of urbanisation [3]. The quantity and characteristics of solid waste are the two major factors which govern the design of an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally compatible waste management system. Integrated systems involve a number of management techniques which maximise the recovery of resources from the waste. 

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B. D. Bauman, "Scrap The Reuse Through Surface-Modification Technology," paper presented at International Symposium on Research and Depelopment for Improping Solid Waste Management, Cincinnati, Ohio, Eeb. 7, 1991. 

L. Erwin and L. Hall Healy, Jr., Packaging and Solid Waste Management Strategies, The American Management Association, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Fig. 1. Municipal solid waste management system where ( ) indicates recycling options and (-), optional transfer.

Franklin Associates, Ltd. and Keep America Beautiful, Inc., The Eole ofKegclingin Integrated Solid Waste Management to the Year 2000 Summary Keep America Beautiful, Inc., Washington, D.C., Sept. 1994. 

H. Alter, The Greatly Growing Garbage Problem A. Guide to Municipal Solid Waste Management For Communities and Businesses U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1988. 

Solid Wastes Management, Communication Channels, Inc., Adanta, Ga. 

Solid Waste Management Tolig, Glass Packaging Institute, Feb. 24,1994. 

Much of the current activity in the field of sohd waste management, especially with respect to hazardous wastes and resources recoveiy, is a direct consequence of recent legislation. Therefore, it is important to review the principal legislation that has affected the entire field of solid-waste management. 

Resource Recovery Act, 1970 The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was amended by Public Law 95-512, the Resources Recovery Ac4 of 1970. This act directed that the emphasis of the national solid-waste-management program should be shitted from disposal as its pri-maiy objective to that of recycling and reuse of recoverable materials in sohd wastes or the conversion of wastes to energy. 

FIG. 25-59 Functional elements in a solid-waste management system. (Updated from G. Tchohanoglous, H. Theisen, and R. Eliassen, Solid Wastes Engineering and Management Issues, McGiaw-Hill, New York, 1977.)... 

Adapted in part from D. G. Wilson (ed.), Handbook of Solid Waste Management, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977. f With the exception of food and kindred products, food wastes are from company cafeterias, canteens, etc. 

Processing Techniques for Solid Wastes Processing techniques are used in solid-waste-management systems to (I) improve the efficiency of the systems, (2) to recover resources (usable materials), and (3) to prepare materials for recoveiy of conversion produc ts and energy. The more important techniques used for processing solid wastes are summarized in Tables 25-61 and 25-62. 

From McGinely, P. M. and Kmet, P, Formation Characteristics, Treatment, and Disposal of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, 1984. 

Because of the ever-growing number of federal regulations governing the disposal of nonhazardous and hazardous solid wastes, it is prudent to develop both short-term and long-term action programs to deal with all aspects of solid-waste management. Important short- and long-term actions are identified in Table 25-77. 

TABLE 25-77 Short- and Long-Term Actions for Effective Industrial Solid-Waste Management ... 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, defines hazardous waste as "wastes or combinations... 

Inventory and record system designed for the Slate of California Solid Waste Management Board. 

The volume represents the initial fulfillment of a series, and is aimed at assisting process engineers, plant managers, environmental consultants, water treatment plant operators, and students. Subsequent volumes are intended to cover air pollution controls, and solid waste management and minimization. 

National Solid Waste Management Association (NSWMA)... 

National Solid Waste Management Association (NSWMA), 279 National Starch Chemical Co., 210 National Starch and Chemical Company, 240 National Technical Infomiation Service hiformation Center (NTIS), 303 Natural Gas, 96... 

Permitting of enviromnentally sound solid waste management facilities, including landfills and incinerators... 

Federal Legislation Related to Solid Waste Management... 

Landfill methods are considered the most economical and environmentally acceptable way of disposing of solid wastes throughout the world. Even with the implementation of waste reduction, recycling, and transformation technologies, disposal of residual solid waste in landfill will still remain an important component of an integrated solid waste management strategy.4... 

Bagchi, A., Design of Landfills and Integrated Solid Waste Management, 3rd ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2004. 

Releases from solid waste management units concentration limits (lead)... 

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