Treatment of Solid Waste

Furthermore zero waste efforts in Brazil to avoid hazardous consequences caused by additives, due to inappropriate handling of waste, are described. The city of Cantagalo is one of the first in Brazil to establish organised separation and treatment of solid wastes for reuse. The separation with proper allocation for coprocessing of the waste not suitable for recycling or composting is a laudable solution from both an environmental and economic standpoint. 

The vendor claims that Ensol is applicable for the treatment of wastewaters including sewage after primary treatment, metal plating and finishing waters, and paper mill white water. The claim also extends to the treatment of solid wastes and soils, provided that they contain sufficient free water. 

A minor part of mined fossil fuels is used as a raw material for the chemical industry (e.g., plastics, synthetic fabrics, carbon black, ammonia, and fertilizers). The major part supplies the energy needs for modem society. Fossil fuels supply about 86% of global primary energy consumption (39% oil, 24% coal, and 23% natural gas), providing energy for transportation, electricity generation, and industrial, commercial, and residential uses (El A 2001). Coal, and to a lesser extent oil, combustion leaves a significant amount of solid waste. The treatment of solid waste from fossil fuel combustion is treated in different chapters of this book. In this chapter we focus on air emissions of fossil fuel combustion, and their impact on human health and the environment. 

Fig. 2. Generalized process flow chart for the thermal treatment of solid wastes. To a certain extent, steps 2,3, 4, and 5 always proceed in parallel because...

When applying this system to the treatment of solid waste, however, several problems such as elimination of inorganics from the reactor and steadily feeding of the solid without gas leakage etc, as well as the control of fine solids circulation and gas contamination between reactor and incinerator must be solved. The development has been committed by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI ,... 

To evaluate the oxygen option in the treatment of solid waste it is essential to examine the nature of the solid waste problem and assess the use of oxygen in advanced waste treatment processes. This... 

Solid wastes treatment is nowadays very important because, on the one hand, their quantity increases regularly and, on the other hand, their storage in landfills tends to be forbidden. This is particularly true for urban solid wastes. In this frame, the biological treatment of solid wastes, or composting, often associated with biological sludges from... 

Treatment of Solid Wastes. The solid wastes generated in the nuclear fuel cycle vary greatly in character and composition but the major wastes can be categorized as follows ... 

Hamdi H, Jurewicz J. Plasma spouted bed reactor for treatment of solid waste. Electrochemical Society Proc. Vol. 97-39, High Temperature Chemistry IX, 1997, pp 324-331. 

An important objective of treatment of solid waste is to reduce the volume. The volume reduction processes can be mechanical, thermal or chemical [10]. 

Regarding the treatment of solid waste, there are some units of composting/recycling in Brazil. These unities utilize simplified technology, with manual segregation of recyclables in conveyor belts and composting in the open, with subsequent screening (IBAM Brazil 2001). 

Gasification and pyrolysis are the thermal conversion processes available for the thermal treatment of solid wastes. As shown in Figure 8.3, different by-products are produced from the application of these processes and different energy and matter recovery systems can be used to treat these products [16, 27]. Both pyrolysis and gasification produce three different phases a solid phase (char, 5-25 wt%), liquid phase (tars, 10-45 wt%) and gas phase [14, 22, 28]. The main disadvantages of plastic pyrolysis and gasification are the necessity to control the chloride content in the feedstock and the risk of bad fluidisation because of particle agglomeration [29]. 

A. 1229. This section shall describe the treatment of solid waste including, as applicable ... 

A.3.1) Treatment of solid wastes A.3.2) Treatment of hazardous wastes... 

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