Consumer solid waste

Post-consumer scrap, 21 AOS Post-consumer solid waste, 21 362. See also Municipal solid waste (MSW) Post-curing, of ethylene-acrylic elastomers, 10 101-102 Post-die processing, 10 119 Posterior distribution, in Bayesian inference, 26 1017... 

Figure 30-lD represents the simplest, least expensive, and lowest water consumer of all the alternatives. There is a single solid waste product. The key element is the integrated S02/particulate control process. Using sodium-based sorbants, compliance may be achievable for western United States coals. 

Economics for generating electricity from biogas can be favorable. Landfill gas from municipal solid waste can supply about 4 percent of the energy consumed in the United States. In 1997, a total of 90 trillion Btus were generated by landfill gas, about 3 percent of total biomass energy consumption. 

We can take as an example worldwide papermaking that now consumes forests at a rate that is supposedly difficult to replace. Unlike the uses for wood, which are generally long-term use goods, most wood pulp paper is used for newspapers, business world, and periodicals or publications that are read and usually discarded, loading our solid waste disposal system and adding mountains to our trash. 

Tests conducted in Finland and Sweden have indicated the viability of using waste paper and plastic packaging as a fuel in a conventional power plant rather than in a municipal solid waste incinerator. If the process is accepted, as much as 30 million tonnes of the 50 million tonnes of combustible packaging which Europe consumes each year could be used for power generation. The feasibility of the initiative is discussed, and its implications in terms of future power plant construction. APME... 

Figures are given for annual waste production in the Paris area and its composition is outlined. Many of the Paris area cities joined with Paris to create a solid wastes metropolitan authority for domestic waste treatment (SYCTOM). Three incineration plants bum 75% of the SYCTOM area solid wastes and the energy produced provides 43% of the energy consumed by the Paris urban heating network. Landfill is now expensive. There has been a reduction in the number of sites and French legislation prohibits landfill disposal of untreated solid wastes after 2002. A sorting unit at the landfill site was due to open in 1993 and another unit was planned for one of the incineration plants.

The quantity of materials required to sustain the lifestyle of the developed world is large and increasing. In the 1990s, Germans discovered that they consume about 76 tonnes of solid materials and 60 tonnes of domestic water per capita per annum to support their lifestyle. Only a small fraction of this is retained for any length of time. Most of it results in sewage, solid waste and atmospheric pollution. 

A life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, of a product or process begins with an inventory of the energy and environmental flows associated with a product from "cradle to grave" and provides information on the raw materials used from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. GHGs and other wastes, sinks, and emissions may then be assessed (Sheehan et ah, 1998). The net GHG emissions calculated from an LCA are usually reported per imit of product or as the carbon footprint. 

The purpose of chemical processes is not to make chemicals the purpose is to make money. However, the profit must be made as part of a sustainable industrial activity. Chemical processes should be designed as part of a sustainable industrial activity that retains the capacity of ecosystems to support both industrial activity and life into the future. Sustainable industrial activity must meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. For chemical process design, this means that processes should use raw materials as efficiently as is economic and practicable, both to prevent the production of waste that can be environmentally harmful and to preserve the reserves of raw materials as much as possible. Processes should use as little energy as economic and practicable, both to prevent the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and to preserve reserves of fossil fuels. Water must also be consumed in sustainable quantities that do not cause deterioration in the quality of the water source and the long-term quantity of the reserves. Aqueous and atmospheric emissions must not be environmentally harmful, and solid waste to landfill must be avoided. 

The joint result of these three factors was that, by the 1960s, Americans had adopted an attitude about solid wastes quite different from that of their 1900 forebears. They were consuming a much larger volume of materials, most of which were not naturally biodegradable, that were simply being dumped in the most convenient locations in open dumps, landfills, large lakes, or the oceans. 

Amounts of consumables (resins, membranes, filters, disposable bags, and tubings/connectors) that end up as solid wastes could be large. 

Clean Air Act and its amendments in 1970, 1977, and 1990 1967 Air Quality Standards and National Air Pollution Acts and 1970 National Environmental Policy Act) (2) better waste disposal practices (1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) (see Wastes, industrial Waste treatment, hazardous wastes) (S) reduced noise levels (1972 Noise Control Act) (4) improved control of the manufacture and use of toxic materials (1976 Toxic Substances Control Act) and (5) assignment of responsibility to manufacturers for product safety (1972 Consumer Product Safety Act) (15,16). 

Municipal solid waste Near infrared Oxidation induction time Partial least square Post-consumer recyclate Post-consumer waste Principal component analysis Principal component regression Root-mean-square error of prediction... 

Based on the negligible annual dose to individuals of 10 pSv and assumed scenarios for unrestricted disposal of waste, IAEA has developed recommendations on exemption levels for radionuclides in solid waste (IAEA, 1995) the recommended exempt concentrations have values in the range of about 0.1 to 104 Bq g 1 depending on the radionuclide. IAEA also has issued recommendations on total activities and activity concentrations of radionuclides that could be exempted from any requirements for notification, registration, or licensing of sources or practices, based on the same exemption principles and assumed scenarios for exposure of the public (IAEA, 1996). The recommended exemption levels for naturally occurring radionuclides are limited to their incorporation in consumer products, use as a radioactive source, or use for their elemental properties. 

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