Solid waste analyses

Chapter 24 covers resources, bolli renewable and nonrenewable, as well as energy from fossil and renewable sources. The last two chapters outline analytical chemistry. Chapter 25 presents the major concepts and techniques of analytical chemistry. Chapter 26 discusses specific aspects of envirorunental chemical analysis, including water, air, and solid-waste analysis, as well as the analysis of xenobiotic species in biological systems. 

To satisfy the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1977) and its amendment for hazardous and solid waste (1984), the 80(K) Series Methods have been designed to analyze solid waste, soUs, and groundwater. In particular, methods 8240/8260 require the use of a purge-and-trap device in conjunction with packed or capillary GC/MS, respectively, for the analysis of purgeable organic compounds. Methods 8250/8270 concern analyses for the less-volatile bases, neutrals, and acids by GC/MS after extraction from the matrix by an organic solvent. 

TABLE 25-52 Typical Proximate-Analysis and Energy-Content Data for Components in Domestic/ Commercial/ and Industrial Solid Waste ... 

Ail the parameters on which various consents (or permissions to dispose of, waste streams) are based must be reliably measured and recorded. This is easier to achieve with gaseous emissions (Chapter 10) and liquid effluents than with heterogeneous solid wastes. Systematic analysis of solid wastes will cover as a minimum the information in Table 17.15. 

Table 17.15 Minimum analysis for solid waste sample ...

GC/ECD or a halogen-specific detector (HSD) (Method 8080) is the technique recommended by EPA s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response for determining a- and [3-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in water and waste water at low-ppb levels (EPA 1986a). At these low concentrations, identification of endosulfan residues can be hampered by the presence of a variety of other pesticides. Consequently, sample clean-up on a Florisil column is usually required prior to analysis (EPA 1986a). 

An analysis of six municipal solid waste samples from Hamburg, Germany, revealed levels of trichloroethylene ranging from undetectable to 0.59 mg/kg (Deipser and Stegmaim 1994). In a study analyzing automobile exhaust for chlorinated compounds, trichloroethylene was not detected (Hasanen et al. 1979). 

Headspace analysis has also been used to determine trichloroethylene in water samples. High accuracy and excellent precision were reported when GC/ECD was used to analyze headspace gases over water (Dietz and Singley 1979). Direct injection of water into a portable GC suitable for field use employed an ultraviolet detector (Motwani et al. 1986). While detection was comparable to the more common methods (low ppb), recovery was very low. Solid waste leachates from sanitary landfills have been analyzed for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds (Schultz and Kjeldsen 1986). Detection limits for the procedure, which involves extraction with pentane followed by GC/MS analysis, are in the low-ppb and low-ppm ranges for concentrated and unconcentrated samples, respectively. Accuracy and precision data were not reported. 

A life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, of a product or process begins with an inventory of the energy and environmental flows associated with a product from "cradle to grave" and provides information on the raw materials used from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. GHGs and other wastes, sinks, and emissions may then be assessed (Sheehan et ah, 1998). The net GHG emissions calculated from an LCA are usually reported per imit of product or as the carbon footprint. 

Studies designed to improve the determination of environmental contaminants will continue to provide refinements and improvements in the determination of acrylonitrile. The current high level of activity in supercritical fluid extraction of solid and semisolid samples should yield improved recoveries and sensitivities for the determination of acrylonitrile in solid wastes, and the compound should be amenable to supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis. Immunoassay analysis is another area of intense current activity from which substantial advances in the determination of acrylonitrile in environmental samples can be anticipated (Vanderlaan et al. 1988). 

EPA. 1986b. Gas chromatographic analysis of acrolein, acrylonitrile, and acetonitrile. Method 8030. In Test methods for evaluating solid wastes. SW-846. 3rd ed. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 

Building Services Piping, 29 480 Built-up edge, cutting tool failure mode, 4 659-660 Bukeite, 5 785t Bulk casting, PMMA, 10 200 Bulk chemical analysis, of solid waste, 25 866... 

Municipal solid waste (MSW), 25 864 as biomass, 3 684 cadmium in, 4 489-490 characteristics of leachates in, 25 867t characterizing, 25 866-869 collection of, 25 869-870 composition analysis for, 27 365t ferrous scrap in, 27 411 incineration of, 25 872-873 mixed, 27 367-369 preparation of, 27 367-369 processing, 27 364-371 quantity and composition of, 27 362-364 recovery rates for, 27 364, 366-367t recycled, 27 360, 362-371 toxic chemicals in, 25 875-876 Municipal waste sludge, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal water, for aquaculture, 3 198 Municipal water softening methods,... 

Gas fuel generation from wastes is very attractive and environmentally friendly activity. Several computer analysis of the solid waste conversion into gas fuel was done in the PTEP Group [6]. 

GC/MS methods for the analysis of solid waste Wide variety of organics in sludge or waste 34... 

U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 1997, Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction. EPA-542-R-97-007, September. 

If the response of the organism is produced by a combination of the two compounds, then they are said to exert joint action. This joint action can be further classified into simply additive, more than additive (i.e., synergistic), and less than additive (i.e., antagonistic). When this scheme is applied to multicomponent mixtures present in leachates of solid wastes, the analysis becomes more complex because the joint actions of different compound pairs may fall into different types of joint action. In the next section, three different modeling schemes are presented. 

Carbon content and hydrogen content can be determined simultaneously by the method designated for coal and coke (ASTM D3178) or by the method designated for municipal solid waste (ASTM E777). However, as with any analytical method, the method chosen for the analysis may be subject to the peculiarities or character of the feedstock under investigation and should be assessed in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. There methods that are designated for elemental analysis are ... 

Miller HC, James RH, Dickson WR, et al. 1981. Evaluation of methodology for the survey analysis of solid wastes. ASTM Spec Tech PubI 760 240-266. 

Methods are available for determining 1,4-dichlorobenzene in a variety of environmental matrices. A summary of representative methods is shown in Table 6-2. Validated methods, approved by agencies and organizations such as EPA, ASTM, APHA, and NIOSH, are available for air, water, and solid waste matrices. These methods for analysis of drinking water, waste water, and soil/sediment samples are included in Table 6-2. Many of the methods published by APHA (1995) and ASTM (1994) for water are equivalent to the EPA methods. 

Measurement of trace metals, including nickel in seawater can be completed using an in-line system with stripping voltammetry or chronopotentiometry (van den Berg and Achterberg 1994). These methods provide rapid analysis (1-15 minutes) with little sample preparation. The detection limit of these methods for nickel was not stated. Recommended EPA methods for soil sediment, sludge, and solid waste are Methods 7520 (AAS) and 6010 (ICP-AES). Before the widespread use of AAS, colorimetric methods were employed, and a mrmber of colorimetric reagents have been used (Stoeppler 1980). 

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