Surveillance

The objectives of the surveillance progranune are to maintain and improve equipment availability, to confirm compliance with operational limits and conditions, and to detect and correct any abnormal condition before it can give rise to significant consequences for safety. The abnormal conditions which are of relevance 

Over the plant s operating lifetime, the operating organization should examine SSCs for possible deterioration so as to determine whether they are acceptable for continued safe operation or whether remedial measures should be taken. Emphasis should be placed on examination of the pressure boundaries of the primary and secondary coolant systems, because of their importance to safety and the potentially severe consequences of their failure. 

When new inspection methods are introduced, a comparison with the previous methods should be made. Such a comparison will provide a revised baseline for future inspections. 

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAINTENANCE, SURVEILLANCE AND IN-SERVICE INSPECTION 

Maintenance, surveillance and in-service inspection have a common objective, which is to ensure that the plant is operated in accordance with the design assumptions and intent, and within the operational limits and conditions. Maintenance, for example, should always be followed by a series of tests. Results of surveillance or in-service inspection should be compared with the acceptance criteria. If the results fall outside the acceptance criteria, corrective actions should be initiated. Such actions should include corrective maintenance measures such as adjustment, repair or replacanent of defective items to prevent recurrence. These activities should be planned and co-ordinated effectively. A conunon database should be established in order to share relevant data and evaluations of results among the organizations that are involved in the planning and implementation of MS I activities. 

If we expect our workers to adequately perform their job duties, we need to determine that they are physically able to perform the task expected. This section outlines the following tasks necessary to achieve a successful medical surveillance program  

Provide a comprehensive preemployment physical. This sounds great, but what is a comprehensive preemployment physical Unfortunately, this question can be difficult to answer. In many cases, it will take some time and effort to make this determination. Before attempting to determine what makes up your comprehensive physical, we need to determine what that worker will be doing or what tasks the worker will be expected to perform in the near future. The term comprehensive varies substantially and depends on job requirements. 

If the worker will be expected to wear respiratory protection, your physical exam will probably include a pulmonary function test, chest X-ray, and others. If the job requires that the worker will use self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) or supplied air, the physical exam might include an electrocardiogram (EKG) along with the other tests. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published a variety of information regarding fitness for duty requirements. Attempting to understand these requirements can be difficult for persons who are not familiar with the medical profession. Therefore, most companies work with an occupational physician (Oc Doc) to determine fitness for duty requirements and related issues. 

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The aim is to develop a real-time surveillance method to ensure the safety of tests such as resistance tests and re-testing of pressure vessels, based on measurement carried out using acoustic emission technology. 

A new acoustic emission system (AEBIL Acoustic Emission Binary Localizer) meeting the requirements for continuous on-line structural surveillance of critical conponents of operating plants Is described in the paper. The system is specifically designed to identify and locate structurally significant, spatially concentrated, AE sources in the presence of a high rate of spatially diffuse AE events. The system performance and reliability has been extensively demonstrated in In-plant applications. 

Results of Long-term On-line Structural Integrity Surveillance of H.T./H.P. Steam Headers by an Innovative Acoustic Emission Approach. 

The results of over 1 year of continuous, on-line acoustic emission (AE) structural surveillance of high temperature / high pressure steam headers, gained on 2 M-scale 600MW supercritical multifuel ENEL power units in normal operation, are presented in the paper. The influence of background noise, the correlation between plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startup / shutdown transients) and AE activity and the diagnostic evaluation of recorded AE events are also discussed. 

Make maintenance planning more flexible, by providing, wherever possible, viable alternatives to unplanned shutdowns and to immediate component replace or repair actions. Increased flexibility of maintenance planning, by conditionally running under surveillance components with potential or incipient stmctural integrity problems, means improved plant availability, reduced energy replacement and maintenance costs. 

The paper focuses on the presentation and discussion of the results of the application of long term, continuous, AE structural monitoring to 2 large superheated (SH) steam outlet headers, belonging to 2 different full-size (600 MW, supercritical multifuel) ENEL power units. Continuous AE surveillance of the 2 SH headers started in October 1996 and is still ongoing. 

Figure 6 shows the histogram of localized AE events vs axial position for the same time period as in fig.5. The location of the AE source corresponds, within source location errors (< 10-15 cm), to one of the welds under surveillance. The weld was known by ultrasonic examination to be affected by internal discontinuities. However, the position of the source could also correspond to one of the hangers. The steps observed in EA event accumulation have taken place during steady load operation, which normally corresponds to very low background noise conditions. This type of event, however, has not been observed afterwards. 

The main purpose of AUGUR4.2 expert ISI is the application to zones where some flaws (indications) had been revealed by scheduled manual ultrasonic inspections. Information provided by AUGUR 4.2 is used for decision-making further surveillance of these zones or corrective measures. The procedure of AUGUR 4.2 examination is included into the approved general scheme of ISI [1]... 

As a first step in the direction outlined here some manufacturers and BAM last year discussed the problems and the possible procedures of such a system of quality assurance. As a result of this meeting round robin tests for the harmonization of the measurements of film system parameters and a possible procedure of surveillance of the quality of film systems were proposed. Closely related to these the BAM offers to perform the classification of film systems. But as during the production of films variations of the properties of the different batches cannot be avoided, the results of measurements of films of a single batch will be restricted to this charge, while only the measurements and mean of several batches of a film type will give representative values of its properties. This fact is taken into account already in section 4 of the standard EN 584-1 which can be interpreted as a kind of continuous surveillance. In accordance with this standard a film system caimot be certified on the base of measurements of a single emulsion only. 

In case of mixed systems the procedure must be varied and it would be restricted to the special film systems of interest, of course. Mixed systems would be used by inspection companies and industrial users who normally do not dispose of the equipment for measurements as mentioned above. In these cases instead of a round robin test only periodical measurements of the properties of these mixed film systems by an independent third party institution can be used for film classification and continuous surveillance. 

Surveillance of the quality of film systems by sample test in accordance with EN 584-1... 

BE-M71 Continuous corrosion surveillance of process equipement by new felectrochemicah sensina techninues and devices Dr. 2heng Jian Hua METALOGIC NV... 

CR-5094 Inspection and surveillance of metallic pressure vessels during proof testing Di. M. Chedaoui CETIM... 

FKI073 Relation between different measures of Exposure-Induced Shifts in Ductile-Srittle Transition temDeratures-Validalion of surveillance oractice mitiaation methods Dr E. G. Taylor Magnox Electric Pic... 

BE-SS29 Advanced Maintenance advisory surveillance system for equipment operating in hostile environments fAMASS) Mr. V. Mendes Martins EDP S.A... 

Free movement, market surveillance and safeguard clause... 

CTB 8006-93 State metrological surveillance and inspection of measuring procedures... 

The detection of a specific gas (10) is accompHshed by comparing the signal of the detector that is constrained to the preselected spectral band pass with a reference detector having all conditions the same except that its preselected spectral band is not affected by the presence of the gas to be detected. Possible interference by other gases must be taken into account. It may be necessary to have multiple channels or spectral discrimination over an extended Spectral region to make identification highly probable. Except for covert surveillance most detection scenarios are highly controlled and identification is not too difficult. 

The procedures used for estimating the service life of solid rocket and gun propulsion systems include physical and chemical tests after storage at elevated temperatures under simulated field conditions, modeling and simulation of propellant strains and bond tine characteristics, measurements of stabilizer content, periodic surveillance tests of systems received after storage in the field, and extrapolation of the service life from the detailed data obtained (21—33). 

Properties and Surveillance of Solid Propellants CPIA Publication PP-13/SPSP-8, CPIA, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., 1960, p. 345. 

Nonmilitary infrared apphcations for germanium include CO2 lasers (qv), intmsion alarms, and pohce and border patrol surveillance devices. Germanium is used as a thin-film coating for infrared materials to decrease reflection losses or to provide heavy filtering action below 2 p.m. 

Table 11 summarizes values for the median lethal dose (LD q) for several species. In case of massive exposure, convulsions must be controlled, and glucose, fluid balance, and uriaary output must be maintained. Medical surveillance requires checking for damage to the Hver, the organ that apparently sustains initial damage, and monitoring for changes ia the blood profile. 

T-Lymphocytes (4,5) and other cellular components of the immune system also have equally wide implications in regulation of the normal immune system. The T-lymphocytes play a central role in the body s response to harmful antigens and tumor—host interaction (4). Responses involve antigens derived from vimses, bacteria, parasites, and tumors. T-ceUs also participate in the immune surveillance response, where self-antigens are recognized, but usually sequestered within the cell and, when exposed, become markers of cellular damage. 

The pathogenesis of AIDS (10,12,13) following HIV infection may be separated into primary and secondary effects. The primary effects are (/) quantitative and quahtative decreases in infected cells, ie, the T-lymphocytes (2) impaked cellular immunity (J) impaked immune surveillance and... 

Gradual diminution of 004 T-lymphocytes from the peripheral blood is the most consistent feature observed in HIV infection. Because the majority of 004 cells are T-helper lymphocytes, removal leads to deficiency of cellular immunity, which depends on T-helper cells to initiate cytotoxic T-ceU killing of vims-infected cells of cancer. The loss of immune surveillance leads to the appearance of viraHy induced tumors from unopposed clonal expansion of viraHy transformed cells. Furthermore, depletion of cellular immunity leads to exaggerated viral, fungal, and proto2oal infections. 

Management and Employee Cooperation. Before beginning to collect data, the cooperation of the managers involved, including the first line supervisor, and of the workers should be secured. Management needs to be informed so that they can be confident that surveillance activities will not upset production or lead to injuries. Workers need to know what the valuation means to them and how the results are to be reported. Everyone needs to know how the measurement is to be conducted so that the actual measurement causes as Htde dismption as possible. 

Reviews on the occurrence, biochemical basis, and treatment of lead toxicity in children (11) and workers (3,12,13) have been pubhshed. Approximately 17% of all preschool children in the United States have blood lead levels >10 //g/dL. In inner city, low income minority children the prevalence of blood lead levels >10 //g/dL is 68%. It has been estimated that over two million American workers are at risk of exposure to lead as a result of their work. PubHc health surveillance data document that each year thousands of American workers occupationally exposed to lead develop signs and symptoms indicative of... 

Nuclear power has achieved an excellent safety record. Exceptions are the accidents at Three Mile Island in 1979 and at Chernobyl in 1986. In the United States, safety can be attributed in part to the strict regulation provided by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which reviews proposed reactor designs, processes appHcations forUcenses to constmct and operate plants, and provides surveillance of all safety-related activities of a utiUty. The utiUties seek continued improvement in capabiUty, use procedures extensively, and analy2e any plant incidents for their root causes. Similar programs intended to ensure reactor safety are in place in other countries. 

J. M. IteUaweU, Biological Surveillance of Rivers, Water Research Centre, Herts, U.K., 1978. 

Einahy, all data, including the results of the clinical investigation, ate collected in a New Dmg Apphcation (NDA) and sent to the EDA. Once approved, the new dmg goes into production. After manufacturing begins, the new dmg products must be monitored in clinical use in the marketplace for reports of untoward reactions. This amounts to post-approval surveillance known as Phase IV. All such reports must be submitted to the EDA in a timely manner. 

New dmg apphcation (NDA) is the process through which the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) authorizes the marketing of a new dmg. In the NDA, the data are intended to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the dmg in its intended apphcation. After approval, the dmg becomes available to the pubhc. Subsequendy, dosage amounts and forms may be modified according to experience, new indications may be added, and contraindications may be noted. All of the changes requite regulatory approval. A dmg in human use is subject to constant surveillance. 

Biology and Control ofMedes aegypti, Hector Topics No. 4 and Dengue Surveillance Survey No. 9, U.S. PubHc Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Adanta, Ga., 1979 and 1983. 

Laser stimulation of a silver surface results in a reflected signal over a million times stronger than that of other metals. Called laser-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, this procedure is useful in catalysis. The large neutron cross section of silver (see Fig. 2), makes this element useful as a thermal neutron flux monitor for reactor surveillance programs (see Nuclearreactors). 

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