Structure monitoring

The paper focuses on the presentation and discussion of the results of the application of long term, continuous, AE structural monitoring to 2 large superheated (SH) steam outlet headers, belonging to 2 different full-size (600 MW, supercritical multifuel) ENEL power units. Continuous AE surveillance of the 2 SH headers started in October 1996 and is still ongoing. 

NMR is an incredibly versatile tool that can be used for a wide array of applications, including determination of molecular structure, monitoring of molecular dynamics, chemical analysis, and imaging. NMR has found broad application in the food science and food processing areas (Belton et al., 1993, 1995, 1999 Colquhoun and Goodfellow, 1994 Eads, 1999 Gil et al., 1996 Hills, 1998 O Brien, 1992 Schmidt et al., 1996 Webb et al., 1995, 2001). The ability of NMR to quantify food properties and their spatiotemporal variation in a nondestructive, noninvasive manner is especially useful. In turn, these properties can then be related to the safety, stability, and quality of a food (Eads, 1999). Because food materials are transparent to the radio frequency electromagnetic radiation required in an NMR experiment, NMR can be used to probe virtually any type of food sample, from liquids, such as beverages, oils, and broth, to semisolids, such as cheese, mayonnaise, and bread, to solids, such as flour, powdered drink mixes, and potato chips. 

The need for a more structured monitoring of the post-marketing safety of products approved by centralised and mutual recognition routes, and for a very interactive relationship with other regions and principles for providing the WHO with pharmacovigilance information, has been set out in the following papers ... 

Nowhere has the remarkable progress from transplant to transcript been more striking than in the development of the vertebrate limb (Table 1). This has been accomplished over the last 50 years or so with the adoption of chick embryos as experimental material. When a window is cut into an eggshell, the embryo can be seen lying on its left side and the developing right limbs are clearly visible. Manipulations can be performed while the embryo remains within the egg, the egg then re-sealed and the effects on limb structure monitored several days later. Most... 

A variation of the E2 mode with the thickness of the AIN buffer layer in MOCVD 750 nm GaN/sapphire structures monitoring biaxial stress has been observed (TABLE 6) [31]. A correlation of E2 phonon modes with exciton energies in photoluminescence has been given [30,31]. 

Realistic operating pressures in catalytic reactions are orders of magnitude higher than those used in most surface-science experiments, and the chemical potential of the gas, usually neglected in the UHV experiments, becomes a significant contribution to the free energy of the surface layer. This pressure difference implies that the structures monitored under... 

The tug of war in biomonitoring. An organismal or community structure monitoring system may pick up a variety of effects but lack the ability to determine the precise cause. On the other hand, a specific test, such as looking at the inhibition of a particular enzyme system, may be very specific but completely miss other modes of action. 

Careful structural monitoring is necessary when exploring the influence of mutations aimed to vary backbone peptide orientation. The amide groups near... 

Swanson, R.V., Lowry, D.F., Matsumura, R, McEvoy, M.M., Simon, M.I. and Dahlquist, F.W. (1995). Localized perturbations in CheY structure monitored by NMR identify a CheA-binding interface. Nature Struct. Biol. 2, 906-910. 

Wang G, Pran K, Sagvolden G, Havsgard GB, Jensen AE, Johnson GA, et al. Ship hull structure monitoring using fibre optic sensors. Smart Mater Struct 2001 10(3) 472—8. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/3/308. 

Yuen, K.-V. and Lam, ff. F. On the complexity of artificial neural networks for smart structures monitoring. 

Yu, F. and J. H. Prestegard. 2006. Structural monitoring of ohgosaccharides through C-13 enrichment and NMR observation of acetyl groups. Biophys. J. 91 1952-1959. 

At present, the traditional monitoring techniques cannot meet the requirements of modern structural monitoring because of some deficiencies as follows ... 

The mechanical properties of polymer-polymer composites are closely related to their structure on the nanometer and sub-nanometer scale. In general, this structure is changing under load. Thus, in situ structure monitoring methods are expected to become useful tools in the quest to elucidate the relations between structure and properties of the composites. In a further step, the recorded data can be used to identify mechanisms of structure evolution that, ultimately, can be exploited to manufacture polymer-polymer composites tailored to their field of application. 

Measures, R.M. Structural Monitoring with fiber optic technology. Chapter 9.5, Academic. (2001)... 

Xu Yao Zhang. Containment structure monitoring and prestress losses. Experience from Daya Bay NPP. Joint Wano/OECD-NEA. Workshop, Civaux, Poitiers, France, 1997. 

An alternative approach to the synthesis of silicas with tailored properties is based on a strategy used in the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers. Extension of this strategy to the chemistry of silica precursors will make it possible to obtain end products with the desired properties, which can be achieved by the structural monitoring of silica macromolecules. The progress that has been accomplished over the last decade in the chemistry of dendrimers, or cascade polymers 6-8), and their irregular analogs, hyperbranched polymers 9-12), in particular, organosilicon polymers 13-16) provides reason to believe in such a possibility. 

In the present work, the approaches commonly employed in the molecular structural monitoring of hyperbranched polymeric systems have been extended to polyethoxysiloxanes and products of their hydrolytic polycondensation. 

Kersey A D, Davis M A and Bellemore D G, Development of fiber sensors for structural monitoring . In Proc. SPIE - Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Bridges and Highways, 1995, 2456, 262-8. 

Udd E, Schulz W L and Seim J M, Multi-axis fiber grating strain sensor applications for structural monitoring and process control . In Proc. SPIE -Process Monitoring Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors, 1999, 3538, 206-14. 

When a DBEE is deemed to be a sizing scenario for most safety related SSCs, a structural monitoring system (e.g. for displacement, deformation or... 

Adequate emergency procedures should be implemented on the basis of the environmental monitoring and the structural monitoring of the flood protection items. Communications should be established with any flood... 

In the case of important underground (main pipelines, tanks) and underwater (drilling rigs) structures, monitoring systems of cathodic protection installations are being more widely used. The main reason for introducing these systems is to enable... 

D. A. Zimnyakov, V. V. Tuchin, and A. A. Mishin, Spatial speckle correlometry in applications to tissue structure monitoring. Applied Optics 36 (1997), 5594-5607. 

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