Inner cities

Budapest between the two World Wars was a vibrant, cultnred city with excellent theaters, concert halls, opera house, and museums. The city consisted of ten districts. The working-class industrial outskirts of Pest had their row-houses, whereas the middle-class inner city had quite imposing apartment buildings. The upper classes and aristocracy lived in their villas in the hills of Buda. 

Reviews on the occurrence, biochemical basis, and treatment of lead toxicity in children (11) and workers (3,12,13) have been pubhshed. Approximately 17% of all preschool children in the United States have blood lead levels >10 //g/dL. In inner city, low income minority children the prevalence of blood lead levels >10 //g/dL is 68%. It has been estimated that over two million American workers are at risk of exposure to lead as a result of their work. PubHc health surveillance data document that each year thousands of American workers occupationally exposed to lead develop signs and symptoms indicative of... 

Psychosocial and environmental factors play a major role in the development and recovery from opioid dependence however, a detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this chapter. In general, the use of such drugs as marijuana and alcohol precedes the use of opioids (Clayton and Voss 1981 Kandel and Faust 1975). Although one cannot predict definitively which users will proceed to opioid use, those who do generally have low self-esteem, disrupted families, and/or difficult relationships with their parents. The increased availability of opioids in inner cities of major urban centers contributes to initiation of use and relapse. It is particularly difficult to avoid use and relapse in areas with high unemployment, poor school systems, and high crime rates, because living in such an area may contribute to the very affects opioid use temporarily reheves. 

Umbricht A, Hoover DR, Tucker MJ, et al Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine, or methadone in hospitalized heroin-dependent patients with HIV infection. Drug Alcohol Depend 69 263-272, 2003 Villagomez RE, Meyer TJ, Lin MM, et al Post-traumatic stress disorder among inner city methadone maintenance patients. Subst Abuse Treat 12 253—257, 1995 Mining E, Kosten TR, Kleber H Clinical utility of rapid clonidine-naltrexone detoxification for opioid abusers. Br J Addict 83 567-575, 1988 Washton AM, Pottash AC, Gold MS Naltrexone in addicted business executives and physicians. J Clin Psychiatry 45 39 1, 1984 Wesson DR Revival of medical maintenance in the treatment of heroin dependence (editorial). JAMA 259 3314-3315, 1988... 

Landrigan PJ, Claudio L, Markowitz SB, et al. 1999. Pesticides and inner-city children Exposures, risks, and prevention. Environ Health Perspect 107(Suppl. 3) 431-437. 

Kiratiseavee S, Ranesg S Evaluation of pediatric patients admitted with adverse food reactions to an inner-city pediatric ED. J Allergy Chn Immunol 2007 119 S114. 

Guendelman S, Meade K, Benson M, et al. Improving asthma outcomes and selfmanagement behaviors of inner-city children a randomized trial of the Health... 

This was a 25-year-old black inner-city male with a history of chronic, moderate levels of PCP abuse for 7 years, and intermittent, moderate levels of whiskey drinking for several years. 

The storage is linked to a district cooling system that serves the inner city of Stockholm in Brunkebergs Torg (Figure 90) with natural cold from a lake (Vartan). The surface water is produced from a depth of 35 m and has a temperature ranging from +4 to +6 °C. A heat pump system can lower the supply temperature to +3 °C if required. 

Aquinas, Thomas. Aurora consurgans a document attributed to Thomas Aquinas on the problem of opposites in alchemy edited, with a commentary by Marie-Louise von Franz translated by R F C. Hull and A.S.B. Glover. Edited by Marie-Louise von Franz. Translated by R F C. Hull and A.S.B. Glover. London New York Routledge Kegan Paul Pantheon, 1966 reprint, Toronto (ON) Inner City Books, 2000. xv, 555 p. 

Edinger, Edward F. The mystery of the coniunctio alchemical image of individuation lectures transcribed and edited by Joan Dexter Blackmer. Toronto Inner City Books, 1995. llOp. ISBN 0919123678... 

Franz, Marie-Louise von. Alchemy an introduction to the symbolism and the psychology. Toronto Inner City Books, 1980. 280p. ISBN 0-919123-04-X... 

The release of lead to air is now less than the release of lead to land. Most of the lead in inner city soils comes from old houses painted with paint containing lead and previous automotive exhaust emitted when gasoline contained lead. Landfills may contain waste from lead ore mining, ammunition manufacturing, or other industrial activities such as battery production. 

No effects of lead on thyroid function have been found in children. Thirty-six male and 32 female children ranging in age from 11 months to 7 years (median age of 25 months) took part in a study of the effects of lead exposure on thyroid function in inner city children (Siegel et al. 1989). Blood lead levels,... 

Interim results of an investigation of 185 subjects and later results from the complete follow-up sample of 305 subjects in a prospective study of inner-city children (>80% black) bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, were reported by Dietrich et al. (1986, 1987a, 1987b). Maternal PbB levels were measured at the first prenatal visit cord PbB was measured at delivery infant PbB levels were measured at 10 days and at 3 months of age and neurobehavioral tests were performed at 3 and 6 months of age. Mean PbB levels were as follows prenatal (maternal)—8.0 pg/dL (range, 1-27 pg/dL) umbilical cord—6.3 pg/dL (range,... 

Adverse effects on the thyroid have not been observed in children, however. In a study of inner-city children, linear regression analysis revealed that there was no association between PbB levels and either thyroxin or free thyroxin (Siegel et al. 1989). Similar findings were reported by Huseman et al. (1992) in a group of 12 children from the Omaha Lead and Poison Prevention Program with PbB levels in the range of 41 to 72 pg/dL. Siegel et al. (1989) offered four possible explanations to account for this apparent... 

Outdoor lead dust was found to be a more potent contaminant of children s hands than indoor lead dust at day care centers in New Orleans boys, in general, had higher hand lead levels than girls. The conclusions were based on lead analysis of hand wipe samples taken before and after children played outdoors at four different day care centers (a private inner-city site, a private outer-city site, a public inner-city site, and a public outer-city site). The private inner-city site had a severely contaminated outdoor play area with measured soil lead concentrations ranging from 287 to 1,878 mg/kg. The outdoor play area at the public inner-city site, where children exhibited the lowest hand lead measurements of any site in the study, had been completely paved over with concrete or rubberized asphalt and had well-maintained equipment (Viverette et al. 1996). 

Chamey E, Sayre J, Coulter M. 1980. Increased lead absorption in inner city children Where does the lead come from Pediatrics 65 226-231. 

Mielke HW, Adams JE, Huff B, et al. 1992. Dust control as a means of reducing inner-city childhood Pb exposure. In Hemphill DH, Beck B, eds. Trace substance in environmental health-XXV. Columbia, MO University of Missouri. 

Mielke HW, Anderson JC, Berry KJ, et al. 1983. Lead concentrations in inner-city soils as a factor in the child lead problem. Am J Public Health, 73 1366-1369. 

Maryland, began to raise questions about that assumption. Soil around Baltimore s inner city buildings, predominantly unpainted brick, exhibited the highest amounts of Pb, and soils outside of the inner city, where buildings were commonly constructed with Pb-based paint on wood siding, contained comparatively low amounts of Pb, suggesting that Pb based house paint could not account for the observed pattern of soil Pb (Mielke et al. 1983). The same pattern was also found in Ottawa, Canada (Ericson Mishra 1990). 

The quantity and distribution of soil Pb have been studied in numerous places in North America (see Laidlaw Filippelli, 2008). All these North American cities exhibited the same distance decay characteristic of high soil Pb contamination in the inner city and decreasing contamination toward the outer parts of the city as initially identified... 

Soil Pb is an important pathway of human Pb exposure (Mielke Reagan 1998). Empirical evaluation between soil Pb and BPb indicated a strong positive and nonlinear association between soil Pb and BPb (Mielke et al., 2007a). The soil Pb footprint of New Orleans indicates that in the case of public and private properties an enormous disparity exists between the inner- city and outlying areas of New Orleans that cannot be attributed to older Pb-based paint alone dust Pb from the previous use of lead additives to gasoline provide a better explanation between... 

Finally, in this last group, we include lead that causes saturnism7, particularly among young children in socially deprived inner cities. The toxicity of environmental Pb finds its molecular explanation in the extraordinary high affinity of Pb (binding constant of 1015 M) for the key Zn-dependent enzyme of haem biosynthesis, porphobilinogen synthase. 

The 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (or porphobilinogen synthase), which catalyses the condensation of two molecules of 5-aminolaevulinate to form the pyrrole precursor of the porphyrins (haem, chlorophyll, cobalamines), has the motif [(Cys)3 Zn2+-OH2]. As pointed out earlier (see Chapter 1), this enzyme is the target for saturnism, the Pb toxicity frequently observed among inner city children. 

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