Primary effects

Equations (9) and (10) give the primary effect of temperature on T 2 21 Characteristic energies Au 2 21... 

As was already noted in [9], the primary effect of the YM field is to induce transitions between the nuclear states (and, perhaps, to cause finite... 

Our discussion of elecfronic effects has concentrated so far on permanent features of the cliarge distribution. Electrostatic interactions also arise from changes in the charge distribution of a molecule or atom caused by an external field, a process called polarisation. The primary effect of the external electric field (which in our case will be caused by neighbouring molecules) is to induce a dipole in the molecule. The magnitude of the induced dipole moment ginj is proportional to the electric field E, with the constant of proportionahty being the polarisability a ... 

Radiation Effects. The primary effect of radiation is the degradation of large molecules to small molecules. Molecular weight reduction can be... 

The pathogenesis of AIDS (10,12,13) following HIV infection may be separated into primary and secondary effects. The primary effects are (/) quantitative and quahtative decreases in infected cells, ie, the T-lymphocytes (2) impaked cellular immunity (J) impaked immune surveillance and... 

Impacts and Explosives. The coUision of high velocity bullets or other projectiles with soHds causes rapid conversion of kinetic to thermal energy. Plasmas result iacidentaHy, whereas the primary effects of impact are shock and mechanical effects in the target. Impact-produced plasmas are hot enough to cause thermonuclear bum (180). 

The primary effects of angiotensin II ate (/) produciag vasoconstriction directiy or iadirectiy through activation of the adrenergic nervous system ... 

Hexachloroethane is considered to be one of the more toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons. The 1991 ACGIH recommended time-weighted average (TWA) for hexachloroethane was 1 ppm or 10 mg /m of air. Skin adsorption is a route of possible exposure ha2ard. The primary effect of hexachloroethane is depression of the central nervous system (147). Pentachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene are primary metaboHtes of hexachloroethane in sheep (148). 

Diphenhydramine [58-73-1] (55) was originally developed as an antihistamine and was first used clinically for this purpose in 1946 (see HiSTAMlNE AND HISTAMINE antagonists). In addition to this primary effect, however, central antitussive activity has also been demonstrated in animals (75,76) and in humans (77). Its antitussive activity is about half that of codeine. Drowsiness is the most frequent side effect. Diphenhydramine can be prepared as follows (78) ... 

The greatest source of contamination is extraneous matter. Atmospheric dirt, for example, is always a serious threat. It can enter the oil system through vents, breathers, and seals. Its primary effect is equipment wear, but plugging of oil lines and ports, and reduced oxidation stability of the oil are also serious effects. 

Explosion effects are commonly separated into a number of classes. The main division is between direct and indirect effects. Sometimes, direct effects ate referred to as primary effects, and indirect effects ate then subdivided into secondary and tertiary effects. 

The main direct, primary effect to humans from an explosion is the sudden increase in pressure that occurs as a blast wave passes. It can cause injury to pressure-sensitive human organs, such as ears and lungs. 

In contrast to the influence of velocity, whose primary effect is to increase the corrosion rates of electrode processes that are controlled by the diffusion of reactants, temperature changes have the greatest effect when the rate determining step is the activation process. In general, if diffusion rates are doubled for a certain increase in temperature, activation processes may be increased by 10-100 times, depending on the magnitude of the activation energy. 

Kihara20 used a core model in which the Lennard-Jones potential is assumed to hold for the shortest distance between the molecular cores instead of molecular centers. By use of linear, tetrahedral, and other shapes of cores, various molecules can be approximated. Thomaes,41 Rowlinson,35 Hamann, McManamey, and Pearse,14 Atoji and Lipscomb,1 Pitzer,30 and Balescu,4 have used other models of attracting centers and other mathemtical methods, but obtain similar conclusions. The primary effect is to steepen the potential curve so that in terms of inverse powers of the inter-... 

If the reduced 1-2 and 1-3 Margules parameters are less than 2, their primary effect is to determine the slope of the tie lines. Three cases can occur. 

Pharmacodynamics deals with the drag s action and effect within the body. After administration, most dra enter the systemic circulation and expose almost all body tissues to possible effects of the drug. All dra produce more than one effect in the body. The primary effect of a drag is the desired or therapeutic effect. Secondary effects are all other effects, whether desirable or undesirable, produced by the drag. 

The adrenergic dragp produce pharmacologic effects similar to the effects that occur in die body when die adrenergic nerves and the medulla are stimulated. The primary effects of these drugp occur on the heart, the blood vessels, and die smooth muscles, such as die bronchi. A basic knowledge of the nervous system is necessary to understand tiiese drugp and how they work in the body. 

There are two primary effects of cryosurgery direct and indirect cryodestruction. The indirect cryodestruction is the result of hypothermia and the direct cryodestruction is the result of freezing of the tissue as indicated in Table 3. Hypothermia leads to disruption of metabolism and structural integrity of the tissue. 

Respiratory Effects. Pulmonary edema has been reported in humans who died of acute methyl parathion (Wofatox) intoxication (Fazekas 1971). Edema was foimd in a man who died 2 horn s after intoxication and in others who died as long as 9 days after exposure. Bronchoconstriction and h er-secretion of bronchial glands are primary muscarinic effects of methyl parathion. Pulmonary edema is not considered to be a primary effect of methyl parathion it is considered to be secondary to the neurologic effects of this compound on the heart and vascular smooth muscle. 

The electroviscous effect present with solid particles suspended in ionic liquids, to increase the viscosity over that of the bulk liquid. The primary effect caused by the shear field distorting the electrical double layer surrounding the solid particles in suspension. The secondary effect results from the overlap of the electrical double layers of neighboring particles. The tertiary effect arises from changes in size and shape of the particles caused by the shear field. The primary electroviscous effect has been the subject of much study and has been shown to depend on (a) the size of the Debye length of the electrical double layer compared to the size of the suspended particle (b) the potential at the slipping plane between the particle and the bulk fluid (c) the Peclet number, i.e., diffusive to hydrodynamic forces (d) the Hartmarm number, i.e. electrical to hydrodynamic forces and (e) variations in the Stern layer around the particle (Garcia-Salinas et al. 2000). 

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