Surveillance Technology

Feature 7. Create employee protocols for detection of contamination consistent with the recognized limitations in current contaminant detection, monitoring, and surveillance technology. 

Surveillance technology can be divided into general categories video surveillance, tracking, illumination, and telescopic and detection devices. The technical developments in each method have been dramatic. 

Tracking surveillance technology is varied in design and form. It ranges from simple beepers to sophisticated intelligent transportation systems. For example, there is radar to monitor over the horizon bi-static sensors for passive retrieval of emissions (cellular phones) or active sonar-hke capacity tagging systems that use projectiles to attach transmitters to moving objects illumination telescopic and detection systems. 

The issue here is whether use of a passive surveillance technology (a thermal imager in this case) is intrusive enough to amount to a search under the Fourth Amendment. The district court had concluded that the crude and limited nature of the imagery obtained meant that it did not show the kind of activities for which Kyllo had a legitimate expectation of privacy. 

With the ever-growing capability of surveillance technology and the impe-ms of the war on drugs (and today, the war on terrorism), the Supreme Court seems in recent years to be trying to draw some sort of line to protect the privacy in and around a home that people e.xpect and need. Such an effort would seem necessary if the Fourth Amendment is to continue to have meaning in the 21st cenmry. 

We have no way to anticipate unexpected events such as the attack on the World Trade Center and the impact this event had on surveillance technology and the visibility of IMS. This occurred because IMS provided a unique solution (or at least a more practical solution than the alternatives) and happened to be with the right degree of maturity to meet the technical requirements. An environmental accident that could lead to a human catastrophe, such as the release of methyl-isocyanate in Bophal, India, in 1984, may create a demand that can be met by IMS for on-site, real-time monitoring of a toxic compound. The existence of a large variety of IMS-based devices with the capability to handle many different types of samples and to provide results within seconds, with a high sensitivity and specificity in complex matrices for a suite of compounds, can be viewed as a solution looking for (more) problems. When such a need will arise, it is hoped the IMS community of researchers and manufacturers will be in a position to provide a practical, competitive solution. 

Sarah Kember, Surveillance, Technology and Crime the James Bulger case , in Martin Lister, ed.. The Photographic Image in Digital Culture, Routledge, London, 1995. 

The cost modelling of surveillance technology is exhibited as the annual cost of using devices to meet the security demand. The annual cost... 

The annual cost of a surveillance technology is modelled as follows ... 

Then, according to equation (4) the annual expected cost of a piece of surveillance technology can be calculated as ... 

A matrix of surveillance technologies that reflects assessments of usability and of the risks of violating both ethical standards and fundamental rights is represented by numerical scores awarded in the usability and fundamental rights assessments and ethics assessment. The main conclusions that in the context of the matrix can be drawn from the combination of usability (technology), fundamental rights (law) and moral risk (ethics) assessments for 14 surveillance technologies. 

It should be emphasized that this first version assessment measures the use of specific surveillance technologies and provide a basis for a general, all-things-considered assessment for surveillance technologies. 

Two factors have influenced our research. One is that what kind of surveillance technology the NSA uses and how it works is all classified information. Therefore much of our examination and explanation is educated guessing based on recent leaks, previous revelations, and an understanding of what methods and devices are available. Secondly, the stories on the Snowden leaks have been published in a multitude of media sources in various countries. This renders it more difficult to gather pertinent information into a meaningful ensemble. Further, these leaks continue and information on these systems may consequently change. There-... 

Like Narus, XKEYSCORE performs best when it goes shallow, that is, fewer filters are applied to determine which data packets are captured. This means that a lot of information is collected, including, undoubtedly, information unrelated to NSA targets. XKEYSCORE, therefore, classifies as mass surveillance technology. 

Based on information currently available on the above NSA surveillance technologies, we have given them an initial and basic rating on a mass to targeted surveillance scale (See Fig. 2.)... 

The NSA s use of splitters on the fiber-optic cables of companies like AT T is clearly mass surveillance. This surveillance technology indiscriminately copies all data, sweeping up vast amounts of data belonging to non-targets. 

The surveillance technology used for exploitation is targeted. However, as previously stated, in some cases it may be aimed at groups of people, which include non-target subjects. Therefore we have classified exploitation as targeted surveillance but not completely in the category of targeted. 

Whether or not analysis tools and databases are mass or targeted surveillance is dependent upon the data that is put into them. Examining all databases is beyond the scope of this paper. We have taken XKEYSCORE as an example, and found that because it sorts and stores volumes of data obtained via mass surveillance methods, it is also mass surveillance technology. 

Future work will examine subsequently leaked NSA programs, adding to and/ or adjusting the categories of surveillance technology as needed. This will form the basis from which to analyze the effectiveness of the NSA surveillance technology to what extent and at what cost does it achieve its goals. 

Cost-benefit analysis of surveillance technologies P-H. Lin C. van Gulijk... 

ADSB (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) is a cooperative surveillance technology with which a UAV will send its real time information, such as position and velocity, to its peers via a radio frequency. 

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