Surveillance active

Grants FDA greater authority over drug marketing, labeling, and direct-to-consumer advertising requires post-approval studies, establishes active surveillance systems, makes clinical trial operations and results more visible to the public. 

Active With active surveillance, the health department actively searches for cases (CDC, 1992). As this process typically requires many more resources than a passive system, its use is usually limited to outbreak situations. For example, the New York Department of Health used an active case finding approach during the 1999 West Nile virus outbreak (Fine Layton, 2001). 

Wallis DE, Lewis BE, Pifarre R, Scanlon PJ. Active surveillance for heparin induced thrombocytopenia or thromboembolism. Chest 1994 106 120. 

An epidemiological and statistical method based on linkage of routinely available computerized hospital admission records with vaccination records has been described by Farrington (20). This active surveillance method has been used to assess the attributable risk of convulsions after DTP and MMR immunization and to investigate the relation between MMR vaccine and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children under 2 years of age in five districts in England. 

Farrington P, Pugh S, Colville A, Flower A, Nash J, Morgan-Capner P, Rush M, Miller E. A new method for active surveillance of adverse events from diphtheria/teta-nus/pertussis and measles/mumps/rubeUa vaccines. Lancet 1995 345(8949) 567-9. 

Ross CJ, Carleton B, Warn DG et al (2007) Genotyping approaches to therapy in children a national active surveillance network (GATC) to study the pharmacogenomics of severe adverse drug reactions in children. Ann NY Acad Sci 110 172-192... 

Loo TT, Rose CJ, Sistonen J et al (2010) Pharmacogenomics and active surveillance for serious adverse drug reactions in children. Pharmacogenomics 11 1269-1285... 

Carleton B, Poole R, Smith M et al (2009) Adverse reaction active surveillance developing a national network in Canada s children s hospital. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 18 713-721... 

Gomez-Reino JJ, CarmonaL, Valverde VR, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may predispose to significant increase in tuberculosis risk A multicenter active-surveillance report. Arthritis Rheum 2003 48 2122-2127. 

Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med 1997 337 970-976. 

Snyder JD, Merson MH. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease A review of active surveillance data. Bull WHO 1982 60 604-613. 

European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of communicable diseases in the European Union, a long-term strategy 2008-2013. Available at http //www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/ activities/surveillance/Pages/StrategiesPrinciplesLong-termStrategy.aspx. 

In most plausible chemical terrorism scenarios, the rapid onset of toxic effects would lead to highly localized collections of victims within minutes or hours, so the need for active surveillance is less pressing. A network of regional poison control centers is well established, however, and, if its personnel were educated about military chemical weapons, would be well suited for surveillance. Poison control centers are also obvious candidates to serve as regional data and resource coordinating centers in incidents involving multiple sites or large numbers of patients. 

Active surveillance, which requires staff to actively search for and identify new cases, provides more timely and accurate information than the commonly used passive systems. To conduct active surveillance, state and local health departments must have sufficient numbers of adequately trained epidemiologists. These scientists collect, compile, analyze, and interpret the epidemiologic data to determine the source of the infectious agent. Additionally, capacity is required to conduct the field investigations that are dictated by the surveillance data or by case reports. 

Stang, RE. et al.. Advancing the science for active surveillance Rationale and design for the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership. Ann Intern Med, 153(9) 600-606,2010. 

Davis RL, Kolczak M, Lewis E, Nordin J, Goodman M et al. 2005. Active surveillance of vaccine safety A system to detect early signs of adverse events. Epidemiology 16(3) 336-341. 

---