Safety related

E. R. Panick, L. R. Smith, J. A. Russell and W. E. Likos, "Laboratory Evaluation of Safety-Related Additives for Neat Methanol Euel," SAP Paper 902156, (SP 840), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., Oct. 1990. 

The U.S. Eood and Dmg Administration (EDA) adopted a legally binding standard, which took the form of a performance standard for laser products (56,57). The standard provides a classification scheme for lasers similar to the ANSI classification. AH lasers sold after August 2, 1976 must comply with its provisions. The standard requires incorporation of safety-related labeling and protective equipment according to the class of the laser. The primary impact of the EDA standard is on laser manufacturers and scientific supply firms. 

Nuclear power has achieved an excellent safety record. Exceptions are the accidents at Three Mile Island in 1979 and at Chernobyl in 1986. In the United States, safety can be attributed in part to the strict regulation provided by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which reviews proposed reactor designs, processes appHcations forUcenses to constmct and operate plants, and provides surveillance of all safety-related activities of a utiUty. The utiUties seek continued improvement in capabiUty, use procedures extensively, and analy2e any plant incidents for their root causes. Similar programs intended to ensure reactor safety are in place in other countries. 

There is also, however, an increasing resistance by local communities to siting new plants in many of these European areas. Moreover, the environmental regulations have become increasingly stringent in Germany, the Netherlands, and Erance. It is estimated that the environment and other safety-related costs in Germany have risen to the point where 30% of the total capital investment needed is for environmental and safety measures. 

Some studies have shown that a HAZOP study will result in recommendations that are 40 percent safety-related and 60 percent operability-related. HAZOP is far more than a safety tool a good HAZOP study also results in improved operability of the process or plant, which can mean greater profitability. 

Design equipment to accommodate maximum operating envelope. Appropriate use of Safety-Related Systems (SRS) such as Safety-Instrumented Systems (SIS). 

HSE 1987. Programmable Electronic Systems in Safety Related Applications. Part I, An Introductory Guide. Part II, General Technical Guidelines. Health Safety Executive, Her Majesty s Stationery Office, London. 

Investigations of incidents associated with tolling projects have identified that appropriate selection of a toller based upon proper equipment and expertise is important in reducing the likelihood of future process safety related incidents and environmental releases. It is likewise important to review toller safety, health, and environmental practices (current and past) in the selection process. This review can identify those practices that would need to be modified to be acceptable. Eliminating less qualified candidate firms at an early stage is a best practice. 

Trade Secrets When a toll involves proprietary information, a system must exist to ensure that employees have the process safety related knowledge needed to meet the intent of the process safety management system. 

Our present discussions relate only to the laboratory testing of safety-related secondary systems, as are employed in critical areas such as areas of emergency power supply and reactor power control supply etc. of a nuclear power plant (NPP) according to IEEE 344 and lEC 60980. There are other codes also but IEEE 344 is referred to more commonly. Basically, all such codes are meant for an NPP but they can be applied to other critical applications or installations that are prone to earthquakes. 

Safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) test This is defined by the most severe earthquake that could occur, producing the maximum vibratory ground movements at the place of installation. Safety-related machines, devices and components should remain functional during an earthquake of this magnitude and maintain the safety and integrity of the plant until a safe... 

In the past, qualitative approaches for hazard evaluation and risk analysis have been able to satisfy the majority of decision makers needs. In the future, there will be an increasing motivation to use QRA. For the special situations that appear to demand quantitative support for safety-related decisions, QRA can be effective in increasing the manager s understanding of the level of risk associated with a company activity. Whenever possible, decision makers should design QRA studies to produce relative results that support their information requirements. QRA studies used in this way are not subject to nearly as many of the numbers problems and limitations to which absolute risk studies are subject, and the results are less likely to be misused. 

Gooding provides ways to estimate these two important safety-related properties. The methods make use of the following observed rules ... 

The integrity of pipelines depends upon conect design, including materials selection, support and protection from mechanical damage. Depending upon tlie gas, routine inspection and maintenance may be supplemented by the provision of gas detection and alarm systems. Other considerations are exemplified by the safety-related controls on the transportation of domestic gas via pipeline systems summarized in Table 15.17. 

Forsberg, C. W., D. L. Moses, E. B. Lewis, R. Gibson, R. Pearson, W. J. Reich, G. A. Murphy, R. H. Staunton, and W. E. Kohn (1989). Proposed and Existing Passive and Inherent Safety-Related Structures, Systems, and Components (Building Blocks) for Advanced Light Water Reactors. Oak Ridge, TN Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 

Eor the purposes of this book, when we refer to safety eulture we are referring to the big pieture of how employees perform work as it relates to safety and health. Safety eulture, simply stated, is a belief and a way of handling safety-related situations that is engrained in all... 

Deactivation and D D actions can range from stabilization of multiple hazards at a single site or facilities containing chemical or radioactive contamination, or both, to routine asbestos and lead abatement in a nonindustrial structure. Strategies include programs that meet compliance objectives, protect workers, and make certain that productivity and cost-effectiveness are maintained. The content and extent of health and safety-related programs should be proportionate to the types and degrees of hazards and risks associated with specific operations. 

Although signatures are no guarantee that you will do the job any more safely, not obtaining signatures is not an acceptable alternative. We believe in signatures and feel that they should be a requirement for safety plans as well as many other safety-related documents such as ... 

To make sure that safety is a priority at your projeet, the safety plan needs to be adhered to. All workers should beeome familiar with and trained in at least those parts of the safety plan that may aflfeet them. Workers should not be deemed qualified to perform their assigned job funetions until site management is satisfied that they have reeeived not only the required funetional training, but other safety-related site-speeifie instruetions. 

If your safety plan is eomprehensive, it should speeify defined roles and responsibilities. The safety plan will state what proeedures should be followed when workers eome upon a safety-related situation that they eannot fix themselves. 

The NPRDS collects failure data on safety-related systems and components. At present, more than 60 plants are reporting data. The data are compiled and disseminated in periodic report,s to the participants of the program and other potential users. In addition, special searches of tl may be requested by the... 

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