Aerial surveillance

This decision cleared the way for aerial surveillance as a tool in the war on... 

The Supreme Court disagreed in an order delivered by Justice Antonin Scalia. The opinion observed that the Court had previously declared that a mere visual inspection from outside is not a search in the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. However, in Katz v. United States (1967), the Court ruled that use of a listening device attached to the outside of a phone booth did violate the Fourth Amendment because the user of the booth has a reasonable expectation of privacy. Similarly, aerial surveillance of a house was not considered a search because a resident has no reasonable expectation that the outside and surroundings of a house will not be seen from the air. 

It must be noted that the first three applications are complementary to aerial surveillance traditionally used by national Coast Guards and require a near real time service (i.e., dynamic use of the images), while for the fourth one, the images can be analysed in a static way. 

Concerning operational pollution, data for the seas around Europe are not homogeneous. In the North Sea and in the Baltic Sea, regular aerial surveillance is executed (Figure 3, which reports the results of the aerial surveillance for the year 2000). 

The results obtained analysing 1300 images for the year 2000 of the Baltic Sea are unsatisfactory. In fact only 100 oil spills were detected. This number of oil spills seems too low compared with data obtained from aerial surveillance in the framework of the Helsinki Convention (see ref. HELCOM). In particular, in the year 2000, 476 oil spills were detected by aerial surveillance (4809 flight hours). In the following years, the number of spills detected by aerial surveillance shows a positive decrease, 389 in 2001, 344 in 2002, 292 in 2003. 

Aerial surveillance by RAF, 199 Air shafts, 176 As a permanent government citadel, 162, 245 BAC engine factory ... 

Zarea M., Pognonec M., Schmidt C., Schnur T., Lana I, Boehm C., Buschmann M., Mazri C., Rigaud E., 2013. First steps in developing an automated aerial surveillance approach . Journal of Risk Research, 16 (3-4), 407-420. 

In his detailed study of aerial photos of the Birkenau camp made by the allied surveillance planes, J.C. Ball has revealed that at no point in time in the summer and autumn of 1944 in the camp or in its environs were large incineration pits—and fuel stockpiles necessary for that—to be seen, let alone flames and smoke, as they are repeatedly attested to.311 He did, however, locate the places were mass graves had existed (see Fig. 58).303... 

Radar is not used on all offshore platforms. Its use is determined by the nature of the platform and the frequency and type of local sea traffic. When surveillance radar is installed precautions should be adopted to ensure the minimum of danger to personnel from high energy radiation and dangers associated with rotating aerial scanners, interference with electronic instruments and communication, and the elimination of ignition in hazardous atmosphere in accordance with the standards e.g. BS3192 and 4992. 

Drone is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). That was invented in 1974. Although drones are mostiy used in military and defense services, gradually these are finding places in other applications such as search and rescue, disaster relief, aerial survey and surveillance, transportation of medicines and essentials to... 

Oh PY, Joyce M, Gallagher J (2005) Designing an Aerial Robot for hover-and-stare surveillance. In IEEE international conference on advanced robotics, Seattle, pp 303-308... 

The most common method of power line inspection is visual assessment, performed from the groimd by foot-patrol or from the air during routine aerial (helicopter) surveillance. This is a very efficient method, but must be used in conjimction with instrumental, chemical, biological, electrical, and electrochemical methods, followed by laboratory failure ainalysis to obtain a true picture of the hne condition. 

It was apparent that many aerial agriculture operators had virtually no pilot standards surveillance or checking arrangements in place. Also there was veiy little recurrent pilot training taking place, in many of these operations. 

There was consensus that surveillance of actual operations by the Regulator seemed to be inconsistent at best, with some pilots being unable to recall any time the Regulator had shown interest in their activities after they had achieved their aerial agriculture endorsement. 

Modem enhancements such as quick access recorders shotrld be irrtroduced to aerial agrieultme operations to enhance operations surveillance capabifity across the industry. This is another area where regulatory irrterverrtion cotrld precipitate a step ehange in accident prevention in the industry. 

New and improved sensor and communication technologies create opportunities for designing embedded and mobile systems that are able to interact with their environment, and exhibit smart and autonomous behavior. Furthermore, collaboration between mobile entities can also be envisaged for improving their functionality as well as performance. Example applications include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and smart cars, where for instance, UAVs can be used for environmental surveillance and control, and smart vehicles coordinating their behaviors can be used to increase traffic throughput and improve mobility without the need of using more space for the respective traffic infrastructures. 

In modem warfare, the importance of individual soldiers as sources of information will increase. New systems and equipment will be designed to enhance a soldier s role as a link in a local surveillance network. There will be increased importance placed on communication between soldiers and other units on the battlefield such as armoured vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (Figure 11.4). To cater to all these needs, the personal equipment of a soldier could include head-mounted displays, GPS, digital radio and video cameras. When designing these systems, textile anteimae will play a role in optimising the system performance. 

---