Other Tests

The three types of tests previously discussed can be grouped into a general category termed static tests because the tests are conducted at 

Another test which demonstrates the long-term performance of the adhesively bonded structure is the creep test which has been considered by Brinson et al and Rutherford and Hughes. Creep tests measure the deformation of a material under a constant load for a specified period of time. Measuring the creep resistance of adhesive systems is performed using lap shear type specimens. ASTM D2293-69 and ASTM D2294-69 use lap shear samples to determine creep behavior in compression and tension. 

There are many more ASTM tests available for characterizing adhesives (see Appendix III). Some standards describe tests for durability of adhesive systems and others describe methods for monitoring the behavior of adhesives under extreme temperature or moisture conditions. These effects are important because service conditions are rarely ideal. Depending on the application, conditions may reach 100% relative humidity and temperature fluctuations from -50°C to 200°C. 

Other tests involve nondestructive evaluations of adhesive properties such as density, shelf life, tack, working life, and flow characteristics. These properties are important in the manufacturing and processing of structural adhesive bonds. 

In conclusion, a description of a wide variety of test techniques can provide direction in choosing an appropriate test. The tests described in this section are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-14 on adhesives. It is suggested that before applying any of these test techniques, references should be made to the specific ASTM standard for detailed procedures. 

There are two disc flow tests. Disc Flow I is a very simple test in which a measured amount of room-temperature loose compound is compressed between two heated die plates at a specific pressure and temperature. The resultant molded disc is measured for thickness to determine the flow the thicker the disc, the stiffer the flow. The Disc Flow II procedure is similar to I except that the mold cavity has five concentric rings. The diameter of the molded disc is measured the larger the disc, the softer the flow. 

As with the cup closing test, the two disc flow tests are best suited for measuring the flow of compounds that will be compression-molded. They are used for QC of material and can detect color contamination or changes, as well as material contamination, and so on. 

The Brabender plasti-corder flow test is used with screw injection molding of TS resins to graphically and accurately measure the flow as it relates to IM. Concern about whether a compound would have a sufficient flow life during its residence time in the barrel led to the use of this test. It is basically a torque rheometer designed to measure and record torque (in meter-grams) vs. the mixing time. It produces a flow curve that is a measure of the compound s processability. 

The device is made up of a heated mixing head containing a pair of sigmashaped blades that are driven by a dynamometer run at a controlled speed. This test provides very accurate and useful data for the processor. The Brabender test also is used with many other materials, principally TPs, for controlling materials used in many different processes. For decades it has been used to evaluate PVC for extruders, calendering, and so on. 

The volume-change indicator for molding plastic is a simple mechanical device that monitors the change in volume of a compression-molded TS 

The techniques mentioned above are the most common used in the characterization of OMts. However, there are other techniques available applied for nanoparticles that can complement the characterization of OMts  

Isothermal Absorption test can help especially in the surface characterization of the nanoclay, and also in the determination of the attachment of the surfactant to the clay. Presence of mono-, double- or tri-layers can be identified in the isothermal adsorption curve. 

Zeta potential test is the measurement of the attraction-repulsion forces (charges) between particles when they are dispersed in a liquid. It gives information about the dispersion mechanism, stability of the colloids, agglomerates, etc., and especially, about the electrostatic processes. There are some types of equipment which are focused on the analysis of nanomaterials, and with which it is possible to measure the zeta potential and also the particle size in liquid dispersion. 

Other relevant techniques are the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), to get information about the elemental analysis. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for the topology and surface structure analysis, etc. 

The inspection assay tests discussed above are not exhaustive but are the ones most commonly used and provide data on the impurities present as well as a general idea of the products that may be recoverable. Other properties that are determined on an as-needed basis include, but are not limited to, the following (1) vapor pressure (Reid method) (ASTM D-323, IP 69, IP 402), (2) total add number (ASTM D-664, IP 177), and chloride content (ASTM D-4929, IP 244). 

The Reid vapor pressure test method (ASTM D-323, IP 69) measures the vapor pressure of volatile petroleum. The Reid vapor pressure differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample because of some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. 

To determine the acid number by the potentiometric titration method (ASTM D-664, IP 177), the sample is dissolved in a mixture of toluene and isopropyl alcohol containing a small amount of water and titrated poten-tiometrically with alcoholic potassium hydroxide using a glass indicating electrode and a calomel reference electrode. The meter readings are plotted 

The acid numbers obtained by this color indicator test method (ASTM D-974, IP 139) may or may not be numerically the same as those obtained by the potentiometric titration method (ASTM D-664, IP 177). In addition, the color of the crude oil sample can interfere with observation of the end point when the color indicator method is used. Determination of the acid number is more appropriate for various petroleum products. 

The test method for the determination of the acid number by the color indicator titration method (ASTM D-3339, IP 431) measures the acid number of oils obtained from a laboratory oxidation test (ASTM D-943) using smaller amounts of samples than those used in other acid number tests (ASTM D-664, ASTM D-974, IP 139, IP 177). 

X-Ray diffraction can determine whether or not the material on the membrane is crystalline. This technique uses X-rays to strike the material of interest. X-rays are scattered, and from the angles and intensities of the scattered beams, the nature of the crystal can be determined. 

Microbial testing for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi is typically conducted. Specific species searched for include  

and Darton, E.D., Statistical Review of 150 Membrane Autopsies, presented at the 62nd Annual International Water Conference, Pittsburgh, Pa, October 21 -25, 2001. 

Kucera, Jane, Membranes Troubleshooting Methods to Improve System Performance—Part 1, UltraPure Water, Vol 24, no. 3, April, 2007. 

Dow Liquid Separations, FilmTec Reverse Osmosis Membranes Technical Manual, The Dow Chemical Company, form no. 609-00071-0705, 2007. 

The static puncture test is described in EN ISO 12236 Geotextiles and Geotextiles-Related Products - Static Puncture Test. A cylindrical stamp (50 mm in diameter) is pressed through a clamped geomembraue disk of 150 mm fiee diameter at a speed of 50 mm/min. Thereby the resistauce to quasi-static puncture by a small, sharp edged object is determined. The maximum force required (puncture resistance) is the test parameter. The 2.5 mm thick HDPE geomembianes typically reach values 6000 N. 

It is beyond the scope of this book to deal with polymer-analytic methods which are used for material identification and characterisation on a molecular level and for the investigation of changes in the polymer molecule and additive properties. An overview about the various methods should be mentioned, which contains further references (Braun 1999 Hoffmann et al. 1977). However, three methods will briefly be discussed here which frequently play a role in the analysis of HDPE materials visco-simetry, gel permeation chromatography (GC) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 

In viscosimetry, the (d5mamic) viscosity of a diluted solution of a special solvent and HDPE resin is determined, e.g. by capillary viscosimetry as per EN ISO 1628-3 2003 Plastics - Determination of Viscosity of Polymers in Dilute Solution Using Capillary Viscometers - Part 3 Polyetl l-enes and Polypropylenes. The flow time of the solution t and of the pure solvent to is measured in a capillary immersed in a hot bath at an elevated temperature. The coefficient of viscosity J is determined from this flow times. It is defined as the relative change of the viscosity of the solution p (proportional to t) with the concentration c related to the viscosity of the solvent rjQ (proportional to to)  

The limiting value at an infinite dilution, the so-called intrinsic viscosity Jo, also termed Staudinger index, is then determined from the coefficients of viscosity measured at different concentrations  

Because of its high chemical resistance, HDPE can only be dissolved at high temperatures. The measurement must be performed on hot liquids and is therefore fairly expensive (135 °C and decahydronaphthaline as a solvent). However, the viscosity measurement does not usually provide any early or better information about a material degradation than the considerably simpler melt-flow rate measurement or tensile tests. 

X-Ray diffraction can determine whether or not the material on the membrane is crystalline. This technique uses X-rays to strike the material 

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Finally, other tests to control jet fuel corrosivity towards certain metals (copper and silver) are used in aviation. The corrosion test known as the copper strip (NF M 07-015) is conducted by immersion in a thermostatic bath at 100°C, under 7 bar pressure for two hours. The coloration should not exceed level 1 (light yellow) on a scale of reference. There is also the silver strip corrosion test (IP 227) required by British specifications (e.g., Rolls Royce) in conjunction with the use of special materials. The value obtained should be less than 1 after immersion at 50°C for four hours. 

The sensibility to defects and other testing parameters of pieces can be modified by the geometry of the piece to be controlled and the conception of the probe. It is sufficient to set the direction of circulation of eddy currents, regulate the magnetic field intensity and choose the coil of the appropriate size. 

Ester formation. Heat under very efficient reflux 1 ml. of diethyl ether, 4 ml. of glacial acetic acid and i ml. of cone. H2SO4 for ro minutes. Distil off 2 ml. of liquid. Use a few drops of this liquid for the hydroxamic add test for esters (p. 334). Use the remainder for other tests for esters (p. 354). 

Hydrolysis of benzanilide. Place 5 g. of benzanilide and 50 ml. of 70 per cent, sulphuric acid in a small flask fitted with a reflux condenser, and boU gently for 30 minutes. Some of the benzoio acid will vapourise in the steam and solidify in the condenser. Pour 60 ml. of hot water down the condenser this will dislodge and partially dissolve the benzoic acid. Cool the flask in ice water filter off the benzoic acid (anifine sulphate does not separate at this dilution), wash well with water, drain, dry upon filter paper, and identify by m.p. (121°) and other tests. Render the filtrate alkaline by cautiously adding 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, cool and isolate the aniline by ether extraction. Recover the ether and test the residue for anifine (Section IV,100). 

In current industrial practice gas chromatographic analysis (glc) is used for quahty control. The impurities, mainly a small amount of water (by Kad-Fischer) and some organic trace constituents (by glc), are deterrnined quantitatively, and the balance to 100% is taken as the acetone content. Compliance to specified ranges of individual impurities can also be assured by this analysis. The gas chromatographic method is accurately correlated to any other tests specified for the assay of acetone in the product. Contract specification tests are performed on product to be shipped. Typical wet methods for the deterrnination of acetone are acidimetry (49), titration of the Hberated hydrochloric acid after treating the acetone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and iodimetry (50), titrating the excess of iodine after treating the acetone with iodine and base (iodoform reaction). 

Many other bisben2ylisoquinoliae alkaloids, such as tetrandriae (80), from Cjcleapeltata Hook., are also known. Compound (80), for example, although it causes hypotension and hepatotoxicity ia mammals, ia other tests, possessed enough anticancer activity to be considered for preclioical evaluation (55). The arrow poison tubocurare prepared from Chondrendendron spp. also contains the bisben2yhsoquiQoline alkaloid tubocurariae (9). 

Other important properties that can be measured in the laboratory include sealabiHty, printabiHty, or coating adhesion. Many of these tests have been developed by the film manufacturer in cooperation with customers and are specifically designed to measure product performance in the end use. Some tests, like sealabiHty, can be standardi2ed to time, pressure, and temperature of sealing with instmment-measured peel values, but other tests are subjective, such as evaluations of printing loss to puUoff by adhesive tape. 

A close inspection under normal illumination reveals many indications of the condition of the painting and previous repairs. Also, because oil paints become more transparent with age, pentimenti, which originally would have been invisible after the overpainting, can be observed. Raking light illumination is very useful to determine the extent of cracking, distortions of the support, delaminations of the paint layers, etc. This stage of the examination is often done in close cooperation with styHstic experts. Thus, obvious problematic areas can be identified before the other tests are started. 

Other tests to predict stabihty of gasoline have been developed and reported in the hterature. One, developed by the U.S. military, stores gasoline at elevated (43°C) temperatures for up to 12 weeks and measures existent gum at the end of that period (26). Another measures existent gum in the presence of copper. The copper catalyzes oxidation and may be a better estimator of the stabihty of gasoline at high temperature/low residence time conditions. 

The preferred method of determining water in glycerol is by the Kad Fischer volumetric method (18). Water can also be determined by a special quantitative distillation in which the distilled water is absorbed by anhydrous magnesium perchlorate (19). Other tests such as ash, alkalinity or acidity, sodium chloride, and total organic residue are included in AOCS methods (13,16,18). 

Anisotropy in metals and composite materials is common as a result of manufacturing history. Anisotropic materials often display significantly different results when tested along different planes. This appHes to indentation hardness tests as well as any other test. 

Other test media and techniques include post-emulsification penetrants, penetrants that form gels resistant to easy removal from entrapments, penetrants that concentrate dye constituents as their carrier Hquids evaporate during test processing, and penetrants that form strippable coatings in the developers. StiU other penetrant systems are formulated for use at abnormally low or high temperatures for special test appHcations. 

Eor steel and other ferromagnetic materials, property deterrnination is more difficult. Other tests are made to measure the continuity of protective metallic coatings. Residual stresses induced in welded stmctures and in components in service owing to chemical attack may contribute to early failure. 

Quahty control during manufacture and of the final product assures batch-to-batch consistency and reflabiUty. Bioavadabihty is checked in early batches produced for clinical testing. Other tests include uniformity of weight and contents, hardness (qv), disintegration rate, dissolution rate, and friabihty. 

Other Measurements. Other tests include free moisture content, rate of dissolution and undissolved residue in acids and alkaH, resin and plasticizer absorption, suspension viscosity, and specific surface area. Test procedures for these properties are developed to satisfy appHcation-related specifications. 

Classification Type pce Panel spalling loss, max. Cold modulus of Other test requirements... 

There are many other test methods used to characterize carbon blacks for quaHty control and specification purposes. Table 5 Hsts some of these methods which, with a few exceptions, have been adopted by ASTM. 

Other tests on kaolins that relate to use properties are carried out by kaolin suppHers. 

Other tests include assessing the colorfastness to solvents, felting treatments, stoving, vulcani2iag, merceri2ing, degumming, etc. 

A number of less expensive sieve shakers are on the market, such as the Dynamic, by Soiltest Inc., Chicago the Cenco-Meinzer, by Central Scientific Co., Chicago the Tyler portable, by W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, Ohio and also a number of electromagnetic vibratory shakers. The latter should be used only when strict comparability with other tests is not required, since it is difficult to be sure that identical intensity of vibration was present in the tests being compared. 

Many groups throughout the world tried to repeat the experiments using similar in vitro assays and other test systems, but without success. Current experimental data suggest additive interactions do occur between EDs, but the issue of interactive effects, and synergism in particular, will undoubtedly remain a topic of intense debate for some time to come. 

A toller may need to use resources outside their company to measure physical properties, conduct safety or other testing, engineer changes to piping or other facilities and equipment. This need frequently occurs for products in the initial development or commercialization stage. The toller should maintain confidentiality agreements with their suppliers and subcontractors commensurate with the proprietary nature of their client companies processes. Provision to allow disclosure of information to third parties should be addressed in the contract between the toller and the client. It may be structured so that the client must approve the toller s release of information to third parties. 

At the beginning of the test the motor must be at ambient temperature. In this condition the temperature and resistance of the windings should be recorded accurately. These values will be used later, with other test results, to evaluate the temperature rise and efficiency. 

Other tests for the detection of amino functionalities on solid supports include the TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, picrylsulfonic acid) [Hancock and Battersby Anal Biochem 71 260 ]976], the DABITC [Shah et al. Anal. Commun. 34 325 7997] and the NF31 [Madder et al. Eur J Org Chem 2787 7999] tests. 

Test data are available for two experiments at different impact velocities in this configuration. In one of the tests the projectile impact velocity was 1.54 km/s, while in the second the impact velocity was 2.10 km/s. This test was simulated with the WONDY [60] one-dimensional Lagrangian wave code, and Fig. 9.21 compares calculated and measured particle velocity histories at the sample/window interface for the two tests [61]. Other test parameters are listed at the top of each plot in the figure. 

To determine the required amount of planned blowdown, subtract windage losses from B. Use Table 1 for windage losses in liew of manufacturer s or other test data. 

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