Electronic surveillance

Searches conduced outside the judicial process are per se unreasonable — subject to only a few specifically established imperative exceptions. Even if reasonable at inception, a search may violate the Fourth Amendment by how it is carried out. Recognized exceptions to this Amendment have been growing in breadth and number (i.e., motor vehicles, marine vessels, open fields, abandon property, plain view, evanescent evidence, electronic surveillance, national security electronic surveillance). 

Pursuant to the President s (unpublished) Executive Order in 2002, it is estimated over 5000 Americans were subjected to covert electronic surveillance in the subsequent 4 years. Fewer than 10 citizens or residents aroused enough suspicion to... 

American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards Commission, ABA Standards for Criminal Justice Electronic Surveillance, Section B Technology — Assisted Physical Surveillance, 3rd edition, Washington, DC, 1999, p. 44. 

E.B. Brazen and J.K. Elsea, Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrendess Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information, Congressional Research Services (6 January 2006), fn. 2, pp. 2, 42-44. 

Polyak, C. S., Elbert, Y, Pavlin, J. A., Kelley, P. W. (2002, March). The Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) GIS modeling in an early detection surveillance system for bioterrorist and natural disease threats. In Program and Abstracts of the International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2002 (p. 31), Abstract retrieved March 11, 2007 from http // www.cdc.gov/iceid/program.htm... 

TV, video display units, induction heaters Induction heaters, electronic surveillance Radio AM, FM, and TV broadcasting Mobile telephony GSM (European standard)... 

Innovative electronic surveillance systems are being developed to improve early detection of outbreaks attributable to biologic and other causes of threats. A review of the rationale, goals, definitions, and realistic expectations for these surveillance systems is a crucial first step toward establishing a framework for further research and development in this area [27],... 

In the apartment George White took in San Francisco, the CIA moved in so much electronic surveillance equipment that one former agent was later to remark if you spilled a glass of water, you d probably electrocute yourself .19 White brought his own peculiar flair to the place, furnishing it like a caricature brothel—red curtains,... 

When the programme for packaging operations is being set up, particular attention should be given to minimizing the risk of cross-contamination, mix-ups, or substitutions. Different products should not be packaged in dose proximity unless there is physical segregation or the use of electronic surveillance. 

In place of the three alternatives just listed, the licensee provides continuous direct or electronic surveillance that is capable of preventing unauthorized entry. 

Guards and sentries are needed when mechanical or electronic surveillance devices are inadequate. Of course, this may require 24-hour, 7-day-per-week coverage or a minimum of four full-time personnel. Depending on needs, animals may provide an adequate level of security, and systems can be adjusted so animals do not trigger them. Guards must be continually trained and notified of specific threats. 

Surveillance. Lastly, an HPR facility requires surveillance. It may consist of a continuous occupancy, watchman service and/or electronic surveillance. 

Forced psychological treatment is rarely meted out in court without additional actions, such as court monitored probation, continuous supervision (sometimes through electronic surveillance), and requirements for sobriety at all times. Although these comprehensive approaches are both expensive and complex to administer, they can be very effective yielding as much as 50 percent reduction in repeat DWI offenses (Lapham et al 2006). 

The physical protection system is an integral part of the plant layout of AHWR. The plant is divided into a nuclear island and an administrative island. The plant layout is designed with a dual-layered security arrangement to provide enhanced physical protection to the nuclear island. The nuclear island is isolated from the administrative facilities by double-wire fencing with an additional security arrangement. The double fencing also provides for electronic surveillance. Independent roads for patrolling by security personnel are also provided. The plant layout is shown in Fig. 15.4. 

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