Consequence significance

The second classification is the physical model. Examples are the rigorous modiiles found in chemical-process simulators. In sequential modular simulators, distillation and kinetic reactors are two important examples. Compared to relational models, physical models purport to represent the ac tual material, energy, equilibrium, and rate processes present in the unit. They rarely, however, include any equipment constraints as part of the model. Despite their complexity, adjustable parameters oearing some relation to theoiy (e.g., tray efficiency) are required such that the output is properly related to the input and specifications. These modds provide more accurate predictions of output based on input and specifications. However, the interactions between the model parameters and database parameters compromise the relationships between input and output. The nonlinearities of equipment performance are not included and, consequently, significant extrapolations result in large errors. Despite their greater complexity, they should be considered to be approximate as well. 

Cutsets are the least compact representation of a complex plant, they may be so numerous that they are unmanageable which obscures significant risk contributors. To address this hydra-like expansion, cutsets may be truncated according to order, probability, or risk. Truncation by order is an approximation to truncation by probability as if each component has about the same probability of failure (a very gross assumption). Truncation by order and by probability are featured in most codes that calculate cutsets. A better truncation method is by risk, as provided in ALLCUTS in as much as a low probability cutoff may delete a high consequence, significant risk contributor. Truncation by risk is difficult because the consequence of a sequence may not be known when the... 

When compounds with more comphcated chemical structures were taken into consideration as possible polyphosphazene substituents, the polymers started to show spectroscopic absorptions at wavelengths longer than 240-280 nm. As a consequence, significant photochemical activity started to be observed for POPs, intimately correlated to the photochemical features of these groups. 

An attrition problem has been observed when they have been employed in fluidized-bed reactors [29]. Consequently, significant improvements in catalyst activity and mechanical strength are needed. 

While these results appear to be interesting, the proviso should be emphasized that the techniques used in obtaining data on spleen mass, blood volume, and [Hb] were not always the same in all studies and that in consequence significant variation in signal/noise ratios might well be anticipated. This situation would tend to decrease rather than increase the statistical confidence levels. The fact that, despite these limitations, increased spleen size, blood volume,... 

This leads us to express the response on the basis of the perturbed v /(f) and, if the perturbation is very weak, on the basis of the unperturbed v /(f), thereby making us move in a direction different from the path adopted by the conventional approach to the response to external perturbation. If the function /(f) has an inverse power-law form, the external perturbation may have the effect of truncating this inverse power-law form. We notice that a weak perturbation affects the low modes of the system of interest, which are responsible for the long-time property of the function v /(f), if it has an inverse power-law form. Thus, a power-law truncation may well be realized, with a consequent significant departure from the prediction of the Green-Kubo theory. 

A family physician/psychiatrist concludes that Sara has a history of hypoxic brain injury with consequent significant cognitive impairment, inability to perform activities of daily living, and impulse control problems (disinhibition because of her frontal lobe injury) in her role as a parent. Sara is given trazodone for her impulse-control problems. The therapist continues to work with Maria, Hector, and Sara to develop coping strategies for the family of this brain-injured woman. 

Sahnization of rivers also occurs due to human intervention, e.g., diversion of upstream natural flow, dam construction, and consequently significant reduction of natural flow discharge. For example, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers in Central Asia were almost desiccated due to the diversion of water for cotton irrigation in the former Soviet Union (Weinthal, 2002). The estimated historical annual flow in these two rivers is 122 X 10 m. By the mid-1980s, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya no longer flowed to the Aral Sea (Mickhn, 1988, 1992). 

Transition ranges for magnesium and calcium are indicated on the titration curves in Figure 17-6. As can be seen, the indicator is ideal for the titration of magnesium but quite unsatisfactory for calcium. Note that the formation constant for Cain" is only about that for Mgin. As a consequence, significant conversion of Cain" to Hln- occurs well before equivalence. A similar calculation. shows that Eriochrome Black T is also well suited for the titration of zinc with EDTA (see Figure 17-10). 

In the benzobicyclo[n.l.0]alkene series, Sh2 reactions are unimportant because the alternative, i.e. abstraction of a-hydrogens, gives resonance-stabilized benzyl-type radicals. However, a repercussion of this is that the )S-scission is also retarded. Consequently, significant amounts of unrearranged products build up, e.g. reaction of benzobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene (36) at 77 °C for 1 hour gave a 40% yield of 4-bromobenzobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene (37). ... 

In the presence of weak acids, facilitated transport of protons was assumed. In consequence, significantly increased transport of protons can be achieved, so that the activity/pH-profile is shifted to more alkaline pH-values (Fig. 7, curve c). 

Considerable time and effort are required to isolate and characterize NCEs from natural product sources. It has been estimated that, on average, it takes 50,000 and three months to isolate and characterize an active compound from a single natural source [71]. To date, more than 150,000 known compounds have been isolated from nature, and this list expands at a rate of approximately 10,000 per year [72]. As a result, the probability of rediscovering previously isolated compounds steadily increases, and the potential cost associated with reisolating known compounds is high. Consequently, significant effort has been invested to avoid the replicate identification of previously identified compounds from natural product extracts. 

The spectral patterns of human cervical cells may also depend on their degree of maturity. It is difficult to collect a sufficient number of immature cervical cells from normal women, as the majority of cells (see above) are mature superficial cells. However, in post-menopausal women who are not receiving hormone replacement therapy the reduced estrogen levels prevent complete maturation of the squamous cells, and consequently significantly more immature cells are found in the cervical exfoliates. This in turn has allowed studies to be conducted on the influence of hormone levels on the spectral properties of human cervical cells. 

Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. No data were found in the available literature on concentrations of 2-butoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol acetate in ambient outdoor or indoor air. Because of the short half-lives (<1 day see Section 5.3.2.1) of these chemicals in the atmosphere, neither compound will persist in the atmosphere or be transported long distances. Consequently, significant ambient outdoor concentrations would be expected only in areas near potential emission sources (e.g., production facilities, disposal sites). Data on ambient outdoor and indoor air concentrations of 2-butoxy-ethanol and 2-butoxyethanol acetate near potential emission sources and at background sites in the United States would be useful. Because of the widespread use of household products containing 2-butoxyethanol... 

Such a difference in terms of product selectivity was attributed to the complete absence of any acidic sites on the carbon nanotubes sur ce and also to the absence of micropores which could induce re-adsorption and consecutive reaction [16]. The presence of micropores could artificially increase the contact time and as a consequence, modify the hydrogenation pathway. The influence of the support nature on the electronic properties of the metallic phase eould also be put forward to explain these results. Depending on the metal-support interaction, the metal particles could exhibit different exposed faces and as a consequence, significantly modify the chemisorption of the reactant on their surface. According to the interaction between the C=C bond and the laces exposed by the palladium particles, the residence time and the desorption of the intermediate could be different and thus, lead to a different selectivity. The presence of palladium aggregates on the activated charcoal as compared to the individual palladium dispersion on the CNTs could be the illustration of this difference in exposed crystalline feces. 

Over the period 2002-2008 microalgae flora of the Large Aral Sea has essentially become poor. However, since 2004, we observed a decrease in the rates of falling numbers in the Western basin. And from September 2006 till June 2008 -occurred a period of relative stabilisation of the total number of species. Thus, the diatom component which is diversified and consequently significant continues to grow slowly, but steadily. 

Ideally, one would prefer to compare anodic and cathodic potential limits instead of the overall ionic liquid electrochemical window, because difference sets of anodic and cathodic limits can give rise to the same value of electrochemical window (see Figure 3.6-1). However, the lack of a standard reference electrode system within and between ionic liquid systems precludes this possibility. Consequently, significant care must be taken when evaluating the impact of changes in the cation or anion on the overall ionic liquid electrochemical window. 

In contrast to urinary uromucoid, which consists of about 9% sialic acid (B3), stone uromucoid contains no sialic acid (K1,M1). This desialylation of mucosub-stances to a mineralizable matrix may occur in the urine, because sialidase is one of the renal enzyme systems regularly present in urine (Ml). Consequently, significant higher urinary sialidase activities are present in stone patients than are found in healthy males (V4). The age of the patient also correlates with the sialidase activity. The sialidase activity increases with age. Therefore, it is expected that elderly patients may have more desialylated glycoproteins, which increases the risk for stone formation. 

Because of its ability to chemisorb NO dissociatively, Rh is the key catalyst in TWC converters for the reduction of NOx. Due to its rarity in nature in comparison with the other noble metals Pt and Pd ( 1 15) and its consequent significantly higher cost, a reduction in the amount of Rh present in automotive exhaust catalytic converters, via appropriate enhancement (promotion) of the catalytic activity of the other noble metals components (Pt or Pd) would be highly desirable. 

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