Running conditions

Impedanceofa motor during a normal running condition to a negative phase sequence voltage will be almost the... 

The operational test of the lube system is, as the name implies, a functional test to check as many of the features as practical under running conditions. The first and last step is a demonstration of the cleanliness of the system. This is followed by a running test of a four-hour duration. The test should simulate the field operation with the compressor in every way practical. All equipment to be furnished with the lube system should be used in the test, including the standby pump start and trip switches. All other instruments should be used to demonstrate their operation. Prior to starting the four-hour run, the system should be thoroughly inspected for leaks and the leaks corrected. If no steam is available for a steam turbine (if one is used), the four-hour run can be made on the electric pump. However, every effort should be made to use an alternate source of energy such as compressed air, to operate the steam turbine. 

Numerous application examples are related to gel filtration (e.g., see Hagel, 1989 Hagel and Janson, 1992 Pharmacia, 1991). A selected number of applications are discussed with respect to their goals and to types of methods and SEC media attributes, which impact the selection and or construction of a suitable SEC column. Specific examples of these various applications types are given later under Sections II,C and III. The optimization of running conditions to achieve the desired results are discussed in Section VI. 

Permanent-split capacitor motor. A permanent-split capacitor motor is a capacitor motor having the same value of capacitance for both starting and running conditions. 

While it is usual to consider only the balance at the maximum summer ambient, the application engineer should be aware of the running conditions in cooler weather. If this is not favourable to... 

The skilled operator or the visiting service mechanic will have a working knowledge of the pressures and temperatures to be expected, but will not be able to make an accurate assessment of the actual conditions without plant measurements for comparison. The commissioning log (see Section 32.5) will show readings taken at that time, but only at one set of running conditions. 

The assessment stage requires a breakdown of all the costs involved in running the plant, i.e. not only all fuels, but also the costs of operation, maintenance and spares. At this stage it maybe helpful to fit separate electricity meters to sections of the plant under survey, so as to identify their individual fuel costs. Many of the overall expenses will be mixed, but an effort must be made to apportion these to the areas under examination. At the same time, the running conditions and methods are noted. 

The long term tests in the SASOL plant as well as in the Schwechat plant were run with outlet temperatures of 450°C, but both plants were also operated with higher loads that caused reactor outlet temperatures of 470°C or even higher. In comparison with the test run at 450°C, only a slight increase in deactivation rate was detectable which demonstrates the thermostability of the catalyst. From the aspect of thermostability, outlet temperatures of 450°-470°C are acceptable. Further considerations including the possibility of overload operation, the SNG specification to be achieved in final methanation, end-of-run conditions, and cost of reactor material will affect the selection of optimum outlet temperature. 

Figure 5.6 Positive-ion electrospray spectrum obtained from the major component in the LC-MS analysis of a purified recombinant 62 kDa protein using a Cig microbore 50 X 1 mm column and a flow rate of 50 p.lmin . The starting buffer (buffer A ) was 0.1% TEA in water, while the gradient buffer (buffer B ) consisted of 0.1% TEA in acetonitrile-water (9 1 vol/vol). The running conditions consisted of 0% B for 5 min, followed by a linear gradient of 100% B for 55 min. Reprinted from J. Chromatogr., B, 685, McAtee, C. P., Zhang, Y., Yarbough, P. O., Fuerst, T. R., Stone, K. L., Samander, S. and Williams, K. R., Purification and characterization of a recombinant hepatitis E protein vaccine candidate by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry , 91-104, Copyright (1996), with permission from Elsevier Science.

Spectroscopic techniques, carried out in in situ and operando conditions, obviously represent powerful tools for the description of the reactions and the catalysts in running conditions. In fact, the exigency of the scientist to look at the chemical process at a molecular level cannot only address the traditional kinetics modelling, where the reactor itself behaves as a black box. The use of spectroscopy allows monitoring the catalytic material under duty, directly revealing species and transformations, which can then support the hypothesis made for mathematical calculations applied to a kinetic model [1],... 

FIGURE 18.2 Capillary gel electrophoresis separation of an octylphenol ethoxylate sulfate (with an ethylene oxide chain length from 1 to 8). Run conditions pH 8.3 (100 mM tris-borate, 7 M urea) 50 pm x 75 cm J W polyacrylamide gel capillary (PAGE-5, 5%T, and 5%C) run at 20 kV with a 5kV injection for 5 s UV detection at 260nm. 

In addition to knowing the total MTC solubility, it was important to determine the amount of methanol or other solvent retained by the MTC. This quantity, the incorporation ratio (R, gm incorporated organic material/gm coal-derived organic material), was determined by a carbon balance on the reaction. By assuming that any solvent retained in the dried MTC is pyridine-soluble, and subtracting it from the total dissolved material, the minimum solubility of the coal-derived material may be calculated. This quantity, the corrected solubility, is an indicator of the true solubilizing effect on the coal by the particular run conditions. ... 

Specific experimental run conditions and observations are described in Brantley et al. (16). In order to quantify the presence of... 

The ammonia partial pressures given in Tables 1 and 2 are based on the concentration of ammonia found in the vapor stream times the total pressure. The actual pressures applied at each run condition are summarized in Table 3 where the pressures varied from 15 psia at 80°C to 90 psia at 120°C. Because nitrogen was used as a pressurizing fluid, the partial pressure of water and the total pressure excluding nitrogen have been computed in Tables 1 and 2 based on Raoult s law for water as noted at the bottom of Table 1. Raoult s law applies for the partial pressure of water because the activity coefficient of water is virtually unity at the low levels of ammonia used in the liquid phase. Minor effects due to vapor non- ideality have not been applied. 

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