Power units

The results of over 1 year of continuous, on-line acoustic emission (AE) structural surveillance of high temperature / high pressure steam headers, gained on 2 M-scale 600MW supercritical multifuel ENEL power units in normal operation, are presented in the paper. The influence of background noise, the correlation between plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startup / shutdown transients) and AE activity and the diagnostic evaluation of recorded AE events are also discussed. 

The paper focuses on the presentation and discussion of the results of the application of long term, continuous, AE structural monitoring to 2 large superheated (SH) steam outlet headers, belonging to 2 different full-size (600 MW, supercritical multifuel) ENEL power units. Continuous AE surveillance of the 2 SH headers started in October 1996 and is still ongoing. 

Outlet Superheater (SH) header / 600 MW ENEL power unit (Unit 3)... 

Two large Superheated Steam outlet headers with potential stmctural integrity problems, belonging to 2 600 MW multifuel ENEL power Units, have been submitted to continuous AE... 

Pulsed, or time-domain, EPR spectrometers have also been developed at higher frequencies up to 140 GHz [55. 56]. They are generally low-power units with characteristically long pulse lengths (typically 50 ns for a n/2-pulse) due to tire limited MW powers available at millimetre wavelengths and the lack of fast-switching... 

Pentafiuoropyridine—hexafiuorobenzene working fiuids show the requisite stabiUty at 382°C for automotive Rankiae-cycle power units (427). Hydroxyl and related functions ia steroids can be selectively protected as tetrafiuoro-4-pyridyl ethers by pentafiuoropyridine (428). 

Because of the low operating temperature and ease of fabrication for low power units, PFFCs are the most likely fuel cell to be introduced in portable power packs. PFFCs in sizes of 300—500 W are being considered as a power source, eg, 4-h duration, 300 W, 1.2 kW, for the modem soldier operating in the enclosed environment of a self-contained protective suit, which has faciUties for air conditioning, radio communication, etc. Analytic Power Corp. (Boston) is assessing the use of PFFCs for this appHcation. 

Esters generally tend to be readily biodegradable. This is advantageous for two-cycle engine oils which are discharged to the surroundings from power-driven recreational boats and various portable power units around the home. 

Table 2. Worldwide Nuclear Power Units by Reactor Type ...

Table 1. Nuclear Power Units in Operation Worldwide ...

T. Suzuki, The Development of Coal Firing Power Unit with Ultra High Peformance in Japan, EPRI Eossil Heat Rate Improvement Workshop, Charlotte, N.C,1981. 

The technology to routinely cure applied adhesives for repairing damaged composite structures at remote repair stations is currently available. There are already systems that use portable accelerators for X-ray radiographic inspection of aircraft components [43]. Fig. 6 shows a conceptual picture of a portable accelerator unit that would contain the power unit, vacuum systems, and computer... 

For a process requirement stated as a power unit per unit volume, impeller speed can be computed from ... 

Ozonation systems are comprised of four main parts, including a gas-preparation unit, an electrical power unit, an ozone generator, and a contactor which includes an off-gas treatment stage. Ancillary equipment includes instruments and controls, safety equipment and equipment housing, and structural supports. The four major components of the ozonation process are illustrated in Figure 8. 

During liquid makeup produetion, eolor pigments (i.e., solid having identieal partiele size) are added to the produet via a mixer. In the pilot plant, this mixer runs at 6,700 rpm and has a diameter head of 0.035 m. Full-seale produetion is geometrieally similar and has a mixer head diameter of 0.12 m. Determine the speed of the full-seale produetion mixer head. What additional information is required for the motor to drive this mixer Assume that power eurves are available for this mixer design, and the seale-up basis is eonstant power/unit volume. 

The engine output in a hybrid vehicle can be utilized to generate electricity on board the vehicle or to provide torque to the driveshaft of the vehicle. In the first case, the engine output torque drives a generator and the combination of the engine and the generator is termed an auxiliaiy power unit (APU). The generator can be either an ac induction or a brushless dc... 

Johansson, L., and Rose, T. (1997). A Stirling Power Unit for Series Hybrid Vehicles. Stirling Thermal Motors, Poster at the 1997 Customer Co-ordiiiatiou Meeting (October). 

In addition to pressure maintenance in a resei voir, there are other ways to maintain or improve well productivity as the formation pressure falls. A pump can be used to raise the oil, a process called artificial lift. One type is the familiar beam pump with its surface power unit driving up and down one end of a center-mounted beam while the other end executes the opposite down-up motion. The second end is attached to a string of sucker rods that extend down to the bottom of the well and operate a pump arrangement, consisting of a cylinder, plunger, and one-way A alves. Other types of pumps in use eliminate the sucker rod and may have the power unit at... 

Power anil. A power unit shall consist of a bare engine, plus other equipment such as a fan for air cooling, special water pumps, and so forth. When included, specific information must be given as to design factors such as ambient temperature and power consumption. 

Test engines shall be of exactly the same design and equipped with the same components and accessories as engines delivered to the purchaser [2]. The observed brake horsepower obtained during the testing of a bare engine or a power unit is converted to standard brake horsepower using... 

Power unit manufacture also produce diesel engines that can be converted to operate on a dual fuel carburation of about 10% diesel and natural gas. Such conversions are more difficult than converting spark-ignition engines to various gas fuels. 

Figure 3-5. Example of test data for internal combustion power units [3].

Gas turbines can be fueled by either gas or liquid hydrocarbons. The gas turbine is often used as a means of utilizing what would otherwise be waste hydrocarbons gases and liquids to generate local electric power via the gas turbine power unit. This is called cogeneration. 

The gas turbine shown in Figure 3-7 is an open-cycle type. An open-cycle type gas turbine uses the same air that passes through the combustion process to operate the compressor. This is the type most often used for stationary power unit applications. A typical example of power requirements for an open-cycle type gas turbine would be for the unit to develop a total of 3,000 hp. However, about 2,000 hp of this would be needed to operate its compressor. This would leave 1,000 hp to operate the generator (or other systems connected to the ga.s turbine). Thus, such a gas turbine power unit would be rated as a 1,000-hp unit because this is the power that can be utilized to do external work. 

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