Reflection Loss

Nonmilitary infrared apphcations for germanium include CO2 lasers (qv), intmsion alarms, and pohce and border patrol surveillance devices. Germanium is used as a thin-film coating for infrared materials to decrease reflection losses or to provide heavy filtering action below 2 p.m. 

The index of refraction of PVB (1.48) is close enough to glass (1.520) to couple the two glass pHes with a reflectance loss of only 0.02% ... 

Principles in Processing Materials. In most practical apphcations of microwave power, the material to be processed is adequately specified in terms of its dielectric permittivity and conductivity. The permittivity is generally taken as complex to reflect loss mechanisms of the dielectric polarization process the conductivity may be specified separately to designate free carriers. Eor simplicity, it is common to lump ah. loss or absorption processes under one constitutive parameter (20) which can be alternatively labeled a conductivity, <7, or an imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant, S, as expressed in the foUowing equations for complex permittivity ... 

For a simplified case, one can obtain the rate of CL emission, =ft GI /e, where /is a function containing correction parameters of the CL detection system and that takes into account the fact that not all photons generated in the material are emitted due to optical absorption and internal reflection losses q is the radiative recombination efficiency (or internal quantum efficiency) /(, is the electron-beam current and is the electronic charge. This equation indicates that the rate of CL emission is proportional to q, and from the definition of the latter we conclude that in the observed CL intensity one cannot distii pish between radiative and nonradiative processes in a quantitative manner. One should also note that q depends on various factors, such as temperature, the presence of defects, and the... 

Special Problems Reflection Losses Result in Low Optical Throughput Limiting Signal to Noise Highly Susceptible to Airborne Noise and Build-inq Vibrations... 

With the reflectivities R = — T and R2 = I — T2 oi the resonator mirrors, the intensity / of a wave in a passive resonator after a single round trip is given by / = R R2h = h exp(-y ), y being the reflection losses and /o the incident intensity. Taking into account that the losses are only due to the output coupler (that is, y = ka) and that the reflectivity of the output mirror is given byi 2 = 1 - 2 = 0.5, the population inversion density at threshold is given by... 

Considering that only reflection losses due to the mirrors of the cavity cause the decrease of the energy stored in the resonator modes, determine the expression for the mean lifetime of a photon in the resonator as a function of the reflectivities of the mirrors, R and R2. 

Optical Properties. The addition of lanthanum oxide to PZT has a rather remarkable effect on the optical transparency, especially when the amount of lanthanum exceeds seven atom percent. Thin polished plates characteristically transmit about 67% of the incident light. When broadband antireflection coatings are applied to the major surfaces, this transmission is increased to greater than 98%. Surface reflection losses are a function of the index of refraction (n = 2.5) of the PLZT. 

Larvae of Inoplnatus emerge as major sequestrators of cardenolides primarily because their hemolymph, which is present in a relatively large volume, effectively sequesters high concentrations of polar cardenolides (26). Cardenolide excretion largely reflects loss of these steroids as components of the larval exuviae, the concentration of these compounds becoming relatively stable after pupal ecdysis. These steroids are ubiquitously distributed in the adult moth, having been derived primarily from the rich cardenolide pool in the larval blood. 

Fresnel Refection losses—Reflection losses that are incurred at the input and output of optical fibers due to the differences in refraction index between the core glass and immersion medium. 

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