Peripheral blood

Gradual diminution of 004 T-lymphocytes from the peripheral blood is the most consistent feature observed in HIV infection. Because the majority of 004 cells are T-helper lymphocytes, removal leads to deficiency of cellular immunity, which depends on T-helper cells to initiate cytotoxic T-ceU killing of vims-infected cells of cancer. The loss of immune surveillance leads to the appearance of viraHy induced tumors from unopposed clonal expansion of viraHy transformed cells. Furthermore, depletion of cellular immunity leads to exaggerated viral, fungal, and proto2oal infections. 

Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) is an immunomodulatory protein (29,30) isolated from the mycelial extract of Ganoderma lucidium, that has been purified and shown to stimulate mouse spleen and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. LZ-8 is able to inhibit antibody production and prevent the development of autoimmune type I diabetes in NOD mice. 

A new generation of antiinflammatory agents having immunosuppressive activity has been developed. The appearance of preclinical and clinical reports suggest that these are near entry to the pharmaceutical market. For example, tenidap (CP-66,248) (12) has been demonstrated to inhibit IL-1 production from human peripheral blood monocytes in culture (55). Clinically, IL-1 in synovial fluids of arthritic patients was reduced following treatment with tenidap. Patients with rheumatoid or osteoarthritis, when treated with tenidap, showed clinical improvement (57,58). In addition to its immunological effects, tenidap also has an antiinflammatory profile similar to the classical NSAIDs (59). Other synthetic inhibitors of IL-1 production are SKF 86002 (20) andE-5110 (21) (55). 

TNE- a also protects mice against the lethal effects of radiation (164). TNE- a given before sublethal kradiation reduces the decline of neutrophils and total blood counts and accelerates the recovery of peripheral blood cells (190). TNE- a also alters the radiosensitivity of murine G1 progenitors (191). 

Another dideoxypyrimidine nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency vims is 3 -azido-2/3 -dideoxyuridine [84472-85-5] (AZDU or CS-87, 64) C H N O. Since its synthesis, (167) CS-87 has been identified as a promising antiHIV agent (168) and is currentiy undergoing phase I clinical trials in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. It appears to be less potent than AZT against HIV in a peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cell screening system and in MT-4 cell lines. This lower activity in PBM cells appears to be related to a lower affinity of CS-87 for the enzyme responsible for its initial phosphorylation (169). However, CS-87 has significantly lower toxicity on bone marrow cells than AZT (170) and penetration of the CNS as a 5 -dihydropyridine derivative. 

Some P-adrenoceptor blockers have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) or partial agonist activity (PAA). They activate P-adrenoceptors before blocking them. Theoretically, patients taking P-adrenoceptor blockers with ISA should not have cold extremities because the dmg produces minimal decreases in peripheral blood flow (smaller increases in resistance). In addition, these agents should produce minimal depression of heart rate and cardiac output, either at rest or during exercise (36). 

By regulating the movement of different subsets of leukocytes from the peripheral blood to extravascular sites such as organs, skin, or connective tissue,... 

White blood cell preferentially located near potential entry sites for microbial pathogens and specialized for the uptake of particulate material by phagocytosis. Most macrophages originate from peripheral blood monocytes and are able to leave the circulation following stimulation by chemotactic agents. 

S100A14/S100A16 Detection of circulating tumour cells in peripheral blood... 

P2 Peripheral blood vessels Bronchial smooth muscles... 

Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels Regulates release of neurotransmitters decreases tone, motility, and secretions of gastrointestinal tract Increased heart rate, increased force of myocardial contraction... 

Phentolamine (Regitine) is used for its vasodilating effect on peripheral blood vessels and therefore may be beneficial in the treatment of hypertension caused by... 

Caffeine is a mild to potent CNS stimulant, with the degree of its stimulating effect dependent on the dose administered. Caffeine stimulates the CNS at all levels, including the cerebral cortex, die medulla, and the spinal cord. Caffeine has mild analeptic (respiratory stimulating) activity. Other actions include cardiac stimulation (which may produce tachycardia), dilatation of coronary and peripheral blood vessels, constriction of cerebral blood vessels, and skeletal muscle stimulation. Caffeine also has mild diuretic activity. 

One of the questions confronting investigators in the HS field is whether fever or other acute phase reactants can induce HS gene expression. In vitro studies utilize extraordinary temperatures of 42 °C and higher. Core body temperatures may approach 40 °C as a result of fever. In most in vitro systems, this temperature does not lead to the HS response. However, there are reports that fever induces the increased synthesis of hsps in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ciavarra, 1990). This response was observed in mononuclear cells exposed to febrile temperatures and in cells isolated from a medical intern who developed fever. 

Enhancement of the human HS response may eventually be a clinical goal in dealing with the aging population which may be more susceptible to environmental stress. Several investigators have now shown an age-dependent defect in the regulation of the HS response at the transcriptional level (Fargnoli et al., 1990). This defect has been observed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in... 

Deguchi, Y., Negoro, S., Kishimoto, S. (1988). Age-related changes of heat shock protein gene transcription in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 157, 580-584. 

Freedman, M.S., Ruijs, T.C., Selin, L.K., Antel, J.P. (1991). Peripheral blood gamma delta T cells lyse fresh human brain derived oligodendrocytes. Ann. Neurol. 30, 794-800. 

De Ferrari M, Artuso M, Bonassi S, et al. 1991. Cytogenic biomonitoring of an Italian population exposed to pesticides Chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange analysis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 260 105-113. 

Cornetta K, Croop J, Dropcho E, Abonour R, Kieran MW, Kreissman S, Reeves L, Erickson LC, Williams DA (2006) A pilot study of dose-intensified procarbazine, CCNU, vincristine for poor prognosis brain tumors utilizing fibronectin-assisted, retroviral-mediated modification of CD34-I- peripheral blood cells with 06-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase. Cancer Gene Ther 13 886-895... 

Morgan RA, Baler-BitterUch G, Ragheb JA, Wong-Staal E, GaUo RC, Anderson WE (1994) Further evaluation of soluble CD4 as an anti-HIV type 1 gene therapy demonstration of protection of primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes from infection by HIV type 1, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10 1507-1515... 

Podsakoff GM, Engel BC, Carbonaro DA, Choi C, Smogorzewska EM, Bauer G, Selander D, Csik S, Wilson K, Betts MR, Koup RA, Nabel GJ, Bishop K, King S, Schmidt M, von KaUe C, Church JA, Kohn DB (2005) Selective survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with HIV-1 following delivery of an anti-HIV gene to bone marrow CD34(+) cells. Mol Ther... 

L Vova TS. 1984. [Study of the mutagenic effect of 5 promising pesticides in mouse bone marrow cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and in the yeast Saccharomyces-cerevisiae.] Tsitol Genet 18 455-457. (Russian)... 

Phoca vitulina), pups were dosed PCBs and effects measured on mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (Levin et al. 2004). A positive correlation was found between PCB concentrations in blubber and both T-cell mitogen- and B-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. 

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