Early surveillance results

There has been a huge amount of analytical work on metals such as lead in food. Indeed a large part of the periodic table has been covered. Early work on metals identified that analytical quality assurance is a key tool in the surveillance of food for chemical contaminants. It also led to the development of toxicological standards which can be used to define whether or not surveillance results show there is a hazard to consumer health. Both of these types of approaches are now standard in the best surveillance programmes, whether they are on contaminants or additives in food. 

With respect to HCMV causing disease in immune-suppressed individuals, reactivation from latency appears to be more important than primary infection. It is believed that cytokine-induced differentiation of latendy infected cells can lead to a cell type that supports productive infection (Hahn et al., 1998), and viral amplification results from reduced immune surveillance (Fiala et al., 1973). Like many perisistent/latent viral infections, the early events associated with reactivation from latency are poorly understood. 

Details of the mechanism of action and clinical consequences of overexposure to OP and CM anti-ChEs arc given in other chapters of this book. However, the possible adverse effeets that may result from acute and repeated overexposure are briefly summarized here as a preliminary to the needs and requirements for surveillance of workers potentially exposed to OP.s and CMs. Although the objectives of medical, and indeed any, surveillance programs are to detect the early onset of adverse effect.s and to confirm that health and safety mea.sores are proceeding in a satisfactory, effective, objective, and planned manner, the ultimate goal is prevention of work-related morbidity and mortality (Schnitzer and Shannon, 1999). 

Surveillance. Surveillance of worker populations exposed to pesticides is done in conjunction with a company Occupational Health Program and its primary purpose is early detection and prevention of occupationally related illness. It involves analysis of the annual physical examination findings, illness-re lated-Worker s Compensation Claims and biomonitoring results. 

The early work of Buswell and Jones compared experimental results with predictions of the Fisher modeP for Magnox submerged arc welds irradiated in a surveillance location at about 165 °C (see Fig. 11.6). The... 

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